scholarly journals Fate and Occurrences of Pharmaceuticals and Their Remediation from Aquatic Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardhendu Sekhar Giri
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Concise Report ◽  
Ready Access ◽  
By Products

Pharmaceuticals have been present in our world’s waters since humans began experimenting with medicines; however, product propagation and ready access to pharmaceuticals coupled with burgeoning human population have significantly increased the loading of these compounds into the environment. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are considered to produce a biological activity on humans and animals. Drugs manufacturing processes lead to release of toxic organic compounds and their metabolites into the environment. Safety and toxicology studies have used to investigate the side effects of pharmaceuticals on human and animal health. Treatment processes can and do reduce the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in water, however, the degree of efficacy is often a function of chemical structure, cost, and energy. All treatment processes have some degree of side effects, such as generation of residuals or by-products. This paper provides a concise report on removal of PhACs by recent advances oxidation processes (AOPs) where hydroxyl radicals (HO . ) acts as a common oxidant and the improvement of biodegradability to a level amicable for subsequent biological treatment.

An Overview of Treatment of Antibiotics Using Advanced Oxidation Process

2019 ◽  
pp. 226-260
Author(s):  
Rajesh Nithyanandam Rajasekaran ◽  
Hastheesudabye Puddoo ◽  
Thaothy Nithyanandam Nguyenhuynh
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
High Level ◽  
Complete Mineralization

Antibiotics present in the environment are originated from pharmaceutical manufacturing processes or through wastes such as urine and feces. As antibiotics remain recalcitrant and persist in the treated water, consumption of treated water containing antibiotics raises a concern in the development of antibiotic resistance bacteria which would be later released to the environment. It might result in a vicious cycle which new antibiotics needs to be developed and dosage has to increase. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been studied to effectively degrade antibiotics. During this process, hydroxyl radicals are formed to degrade organic compounds. Different APO are available in the literature such as photo-Fenton, Fenton, ozonation, sonolysis (UV), ultrasound combined with ozone, TiO2/direct photolysis, UV/H2O2, UV/ TiO2, UV/IGBT. To treat the high level of concentration of antibiotics, retention time of AOPs needs to be extended or/and OH• radicals need to be produced in a higher concentration for a complete mineralization.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Chuang ◽  
Li-Jen Lin ◽  
Hsin-Der Shih ◽  
Yih-Min Shy ◽  
Shang-Chang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health It ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics. Contrary to the traditional cognition that dietary fiber reduces animal growth, it can promote animal growth and maintain intestinal health, and even improve meat quality when added in moderate amounts. In addition, pre-fermenting fiber with probiotics or enzymes in a controlled environment can increase dietary fiber availability. Although the use of fiber has a positive effect on animal health, it is still necessary to pay attention to mycotoxin contamination. In summary, this report collates the fiber characteristics of agricultural by-products and their effects on animal health and evaluates the utilization value of agricultural by-products.

LC-MS-(MS) determination of oxidative degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, carboxylates and nonylphenols in water

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Petrovic ◽  
P. Gehringer ◽  
H. Eschweiler ◽  
D. Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Nonylphenol Ethoxylates ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
By Products

A commercial blend of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) was chosen as representative for non-ionic polyethoxylated surfactants to study the oxidative degradation of this class of surfactants in water using ozonation as well as electron beam irradiation with and without the addition of ozone as treatment processes. The electron beam irradiation processes applied represent so-called Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs); the combined ozone/electron beam irradiation is, moreover, the most powerful AOP which can be applied in aqueous systems. It was found that both ozonation and the two AOPs applied were able to decompose not only the NPEOs but also the polyethyleneglycoles (PEGs) formed as by-products from NPEO degradation to residual concentrations below the limit of detection. Moreover, the treatment processes were also used to study the oxidative degradation of nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NPEC) and of nonylphenol (NP) which are formed as by-products from biodegradation of NPEOs.

scholarly journals Oxytetracycline Mineralization inside a UV/H2O2 System of Advanced Oxidation Processes: Inorganic By-Product

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-309
Author(s):  
Anisa Ur Rahmah ◽  
Sabtanti Harimurti ◽  
Kiki Adi Kurnia ◽  
Abdul Aziz Omar ◽  
Thanabalan Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
By Products ◽  
Open Access Article ◽  
H2o2 System

Oxytetracycline (OTC) was widely used antibiotic in agricultural industry. However, most of them were secreted from the body and entered the water stream, due to low absorption. The occurrence of the antibiotics in water stream may led to serious health hazards. Hence, finding the effective method that capable to achieve total mineralization of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater, followed by the production of benign inorganic and organic by-product, was necessarily deemed. Photochemical degradation method, such as: UV/H2O2 system, was capable to achieve total mineralization of OTC at its optimized condition. In this paper, inorganic by-products of OTC mineralization inside a UV/H2O2 system at its optimum condition were analyzed. The presence of nitrate, ammonium, chloride ions, and chlorine were detected at the sample solution after mineralization. The presence of these inorganic by-product has proven that the experimental setup chosen was capable to achieve total mineralization. In addition, possible routes of the inorganic by-products detachment from the OTC’s structure, were also presented. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 

Application of UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water and Wastewater Treatment

2019 ◽  
pp. 384-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurazim Ibrahim ◽  
Sharifah Farah Fariza Syed Zainal ◽  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water And Wastewater

The presence of hazardous micropollutants in water and wastewater is one of the main concerns in water management system. This micropollutant exists in a low concentration, but there are possible hazards to humans and organisms living in the water. Moreover, its character that is recalcitrant to microbiological degradation makes it difficult to deal with. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are efficient methods to remove low concentration micropollutants. AOPs are a set of processes consisting the production of very reactive oxygen species which able to destroy a wide range of organic compounds. The main principal mechanism in UV-based radical AOP treatment processes is the use ultraviolet light to initiate generation of hydroxyl radicals used to destroy persistent organic pollutants. Therefore, this chapter presents an overview on the principle of radical oxidant species generation and degradation mechanism by various type of UV based AOP in treating contaminants present in water and wastewater. The current application and possible improvement of the technology is also presented in this chapter.

scholarly journals Ferrates (iron(VI) and iron(V)): Environmentally friendly oxidants and disinfectants

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virender K. Sharma ◽  
Futaba Kazama ◽  
Hu Jiangyong ◽  
Ajay K. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Toxic Compound ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
By Products ◽  
Multifunctional Properties

Iron(VI) and iron(V), known as ferrates, are powerful oxidants and their reactions with pollutants are typically fast with the formation of non-toxic by-products. Oxidations performed by Fe(VI) and Fe(V) show pH dependence; faster rates are observed at lower pH. Fe(VI) shows excellent disinfectant properties and can inactivate a wide variety of microorganisms at low Fe(VI) doses. Fe(VI) also possesses efficient coagulation properties and enhanced coagulation can also be achieved using Fe(VI) as a preoxidant. The reactivity of Fe(V) with pollutants is approximately 3–5 orders of magnitude faster than that of Fe(VI). Fe(V) can thus be used to oxidize pollutants and inactivate microorganisms that have resistance to Fe(VI). The final product of Fe(VI) and Fe(V) reduction is Fe(III), a non-toxic compound. Moreover, treatments by Fe(VI) do not give any mutagenic/carcinogenic by-products, which make ferrates environmentally friendly ions. This paper reviews the potential role of iron(VI) and iron(V) as oxidants and disinfectants in water and wastewater treatment processes. Examples are given to demonstrate the multifunctional properties of ferrates to purify water and wastewater

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