scholarly journals Hydrometeorology: Review of Past, Present and Future Observation Methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Valipour ◽  
Sayed M. Bateni ◽  
Nicolas R. Dalezios ◽  
Mansour Almazroui ◽  
Essam Heggy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Modeling And Forecasting ◽  
Climate Evolution ◽  
Modern Knowledge

Hydrometeorology aims at measuring and understanding the physics, chemistry, energy and water fluxes of the atmosphere, and their coupling with the earth surface environmental parameters. Accurate hydrometeorological records and observations with different timelines are crucial to assess climate evolution and weather forecast. Historical records suggest that the first hydrometeorological observations date back to ca 3500 BC. Reviewing these observations in the light of our modern knowledge of the dynamic of atmospheres is critical as it can reduce the ambiguities associated to understanding major fluctuations or evolutions in the earth climate. Today, the ambiguities in hydrometeorological observations have significantly improved due to the advances in monitoring, modeling, and forecasting of processes related to the land-atmosphere coupling and forcing. Numerical models have been developed to forecast hydrometeorological phenomena in short-, medium- and long-term horizons, ranging from hourly to annual timescales. We provide herein a synthetic review of advances in hydrometeorological observations from their infancy to today. In particular, we discuss the role of hydrometeorological records, observations, and modeling in assessing the amplitude and time-scale for climate change and global warming.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature variations in high-sensitivity Sagnac gyroscope

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Basti ◽  
Nicolò Beverini ◽  
Filippo Bosi ◽  
Giorgio Carelli ◽  
Donatella Ciampini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earth Rotation ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Rotation Axes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sagnac Gyroscope ◽  
Laser Gyroscopes

AbstractGINGERINO is one of the most sensitive Sagnac laser-gyroscopes based on an heterolithic mechanical structure. It is a prototype for GINGER, the laser gyroscopes array proposed to reconstruct the Earth rotation vector and in this way to measure General Relativity effects. Many factors affect the final sensitivity of laser gyroscopes, in particular, when they are used in long-term measurements, slow varying environmental parameters come into play. To understand the role of different terms allows to design more effective mechanical as well as optical layouts, while a proper model of the dynamics affecting long-term (low frequency) signals would increase the effectiveness of the data analysis for improving the overall sensitivity. In this contribution, we focus our concerns on the effects of room temperature and pressure aiming at further improving mechanical design and long-term stability of the apparatus. Our data are compatible with a local orientation changes of the Gran Sasso site below $$\mu $$ μ rad as predicted by geodetic models. This value is consistent with the requirements for GINGER and the installation of an high-sensitivity Sagnac gyroscope oriented at the maximum signal, i.e. along the Earth rotation axes.

The role of the Microbial Conveyor Belt on Earth´s system resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Mestre ◽  
Juan Höfer
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Planetary Scale ◽  
Microbial Biogeography ◽  
The Earth ◽  
System Resilience ◽  
Global Biogeochemical Cycles

<p>Despite being major players on the global biogeochemical cycles, microorganisms are generally not included in holistic views of Earth’s system. The Microbial Conveyor Belt is a conceptual framework that represents a recurrent and cyclical flux of microorganisms across the globe, connecting distant ecosystems and Earth compartments. This long-range dispersion of microorganisms directly influences the microbial biogeography, the global cycling of inorganic and organic matter, and thus the Earth system’s functioning and long-term resilience. Planetary-scale human impacts disrupting the natural flux of microorganisms pose a major threat to the Microbial Conveyor Belt, thus compromising microbial ecosystem services. Perturbations that modify the natural dispersion of microorganisms are, for example, the modification of the intensity/direction of air fluxes and ocean currents due to climate change, the vanishing of certain dispersion vectors (e.g., species extinction or drying rivers) or the introduction of new ones (e.g., microplastics, wildfires). Transdisciplinary approaches are needed to disentangle the Microbial Conveyor Belt, its major threats and their consequences for Earth´s system resilience.</p>

scholarly journals The role of green space in the urbanization of Hanoi city

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 01013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Tuan Le ◽  
Thi Anh Tuyet Cao ◽  
Nguyen Anh Quan Tran
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Excess Temperature ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Earth

Rapid urbanization causes significant changes on the earth surface directly and internal itself temperature. The transformation of land use purposes crucially affects the surface temperature and exacerbates the effect of the negative heat island. It is necessary to develope a long-term strategy optimize urban cooling. In this study, the determinated object is Hanoi - city - a widen urbanized city in Vietnam. The authors proposed, defined and calculated the concept of cooling efficiency and threshold values. The results show that the surface heat capacity increases in proportion to the reduction of green space. Plots with excess temperature difference of the ground surface of 4.34 ℃ with reduced green space.

Similar diurnal, seasonal and annual rhythms in radial root expansion across two coexisting Mediterranean oak species

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 956-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josu G Alday ◽  
Jesús Julio Camarero ◽  
Jesús Revilla ◽  
Víctor Resco de Dios
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Root Radius ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Quercus Faginea

Abstract Dendrometers are being increasingly used to measure stem radius changes in trees and to unravel the mechanisms underlying stem daily rhythms of radial expansion and contraction. Nevertheless, automated dendrometers have not been often used to measure root radius dynamics, their relationship with environmental variables and the influence of endogenous processes, especially in drought-prone Mediterranean areas. Here, we measured root radius dynamics of two coexisting oak species (the evergreen Quercus ilex L. and the deciduous Quercus faginea Lam). Our goals were to describe annual, seasonal and diurnal scale root radius patterns and to disentangle the role of different environmental parameters as drivers. Long-term high-resolution measurements (every 15 min over 7 years) were collected with automated point dendrometers on the main tree roots of five individuals per species. Root radius annual change patterns were bimodal and similar for both oak species. Quercus faginea Lam showed three times larger root increment in the spring than Q. ilex, but the bimodal pattern was stronger in Q. ilex, which showed a larger root increment in autumn. Quercus faginea Lam showed an earlier root phenological activation in the spring and in late summer compared with Q. ilex. The effects of environmental drivers across species were similar at daily scales: root radius increased with air temperature and soil moisture, and it decreased with rising vapor pressure deficit. Furthermore, daily root radius variations for both oak species were maintained after extracting statistically the environmental effects, which points toward a significant role of endogenous drivers. These differences in root radius change patterns at seasonal to daily scales likely result from the differences in leaf phenology and growth strategy. Quercus faginea Lam is deciduous and has a faster growing rate in spring than the evergreen Q. ilex, which can grow more in summer.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
B. Zorina Khan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

Knowledge and ideas, incentives, and institutions are central for understanding technological change and long-term economic growth. This book bridges the current disconnect between the economics of technological change and the analysis of institutions. The discussion draws on detailed information about the experience of over one hundred thousand ingenious men and women in Britain, France, and the United States, whose inventions helped to create the modern knowledge economy. These results overturn longstanding myths of invention about elites, innovation prizes, and “entrepreneurial states,” and instead highlight the pivotal role of property rights and markets in ideas in explaining technological progress and the wealth of nations.

Review Lecture - Ore-deposition through geological time

1978 ◽  
Vol 362 (1710) ◽  
pp. 305-328 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Banded Iron Formations ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Iron Formations ◽  
Ore Deposition

Economic mineral deposits represent abnormal concentrations of metals which must be regarded as records of unusual geological events. The recognition of any long-term changes in styles of mineralization must depend on the identification of anomalies within the geological régimes characteristic of successive stages of the Earth’s history. This question will be discussed in relation to recent developments in the Earth sciences. The recognition of structural and chemical inhomogeneities in the lithospheric mantle suggests that mapping of mantle age-provinces may become possible; such studies bear on the significance of certain metallogenic provinces. Coordinated geochemical, structural and palaeomagnetic studies which are throwing light on the evolution of early tectonic systems should help to illuminate the significance of changes in style of mineralization at the Archaean/Proterozoic boundary, as well as the distribution of some types of Proterozoic deposits. Geochemical evidence concerning the changing rôle of organic processes in sedimentation and diagenesis has a bearing on the origin of sedimentary ores, especially over the controversial period characterized by accumulation of banded iron-formations.

Gaia or Athena? The Early Faint-Sun Paradox

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas V. Hoyt ◽  
Kenneth H. Shatten
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Luminosity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Climate Evolution

Stellar evolution theory predicts large, long-term solar large, long-term solar luminosity (L⊙) changes over the lifetime of the sun. The most certain prediction is a general monotonic increase (neglecting short-period variations) in L⊙ of about 30% over the past 4.7 billion years, an increase that will continue. This prediction is well founded theoretically (based on the conversion of hydrogen into heavier elements) and supported observationally by the famous Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing stellar evolution. If the solar luminosity increases monotonically with time, one might expect to find evidence of increasing surface temperatures in the Earth’s paleoclimatic record. Instead, isotopic indicators show Earth’s mean surface temperature is now significantly lower than it was 3 billion years ago. In 1975, R. K. Ulrich termed this the “faint young sun” paradox. Simultaneous solar luminosity increase and terrestrial temperature decrease imply additional strong influences on climate evolution. To understand climate evolution (and, by inference, the present climate), we must first determine the nature of these “compensatory mechanisms.” The positively increasing line in Figure 12.1 shows the evolution of solar luminosity (in units of present luminosity, L). Since terrestrial surface temperatures have remained nearly constant during the last 2.3 billion years, this requires a very effective compensatory mechanism. Several theories attempt to explain why the Earth’s surface temperature has remained relatively constant even while the solar luminosity has increased by 30%. Also, various scenarios have been advanced to explain why the Earth remained ice-free even during periods when the sun was much dimmer than it is today. Some of these ideas are: • Since it had fewer continents and more oceans, the early Earth was much darker. This same darker surface absorbed enough additional incoming solar radiation to remain ice-free. • In the past, energy transport from the equator to polar regions was easier because the continents had lower elevations. This enhanced heat transport allowed the Earth to remain relatively warm. • The early atmosphere had more carbon dioxide and methane, creating an enhanced greenhouse effect sufficient to trap the incoming solar radiation and keep the Earth warm. The enormous amount of carbon trapped in limestone suggests that Earth’s former atmosphere contained much more carbon dioxide than it does today.

The role of strain dependent rheology on formation of divergent plate boundaries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Ulvrova ◽  
Taras Gerya
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Cartesian Geometry ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Narrow Plate ◽  
Strain Dependent

<p>Surface of the Earth is divided into distinct plates that move relative to each other. However, formation and evolution of new plate boundaries is still challenging to numerically produce and predict. In particular, regional lithospheric models as well as large scale convection models lack realistic strike slip plate boundaries that would arise self-consistently in such models. Here, we investigate the role of different rheologies on the inception and dynamic evolution of the new divergent plate boundaries and their offset by strike-slip faulting. We compare visco-plastic rheology and strain dependent rheology and their capacity to localise deformation into narrow plate limits. We use high-resolution 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models in  cartesian geometry to infer the conditions under which realistic divergent plate boundaries develop.</p>

scholarly journals Implementation of value-regulatory functions by modern religious organizations of Ukraine in the conditions of religious and worldview freedom

2017 ◽  
pp. 59-61
Author(s):  
Olga Nedavnya
Keyword(s):  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
The Church

Among the range of functions performed by modern religious organizations in the world and in Ukraine, in particular, there are both relatively traditional and relatively new, with at least some of the first ones being re-updated. These can include a value-controlling function. In the situation of the "hybrid war" in Ukraine, before many of its inhabitants (directly or through the mediation of relatives), dramatic, and even tragic questions of life and death, their meaning, the orientation between the Earth and the sky, between neighbors, between those or other decisions that need to be made quickly in matters of material, but the consequences of which can then be long-term boomerang yatrit conscience. Whichever system of value coordinates is based on this, then everyone has to choose himself. Under the conditions of religious and ideological freedom, the Church and religious organizations no longer have the role of "legislators" in such a choice, but in essence they are virtually the only institutions that offer appropriate guidance and advice.

scholarly journals The role of prior assumptions in carbon budget calculations

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-577
Author(s):  
Benjamin Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Budget ◽  
System Response ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Negative Emissions ◽  
Near Term

Abstract. Cumulative emissions budgets and net-zero emission target dates are often used to frame climate negotiations (Frame et al., 2014; Millar et al., 2016; Van Vuuren et al., 2016; Rogelj et al., 2015b; Matthews et al., 2012). However, their utility for near-term policy decisions is confounded by uncertainties in future negative emissions capacity (Fuss et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2016; Larkin et al., 2018; Anderson and Peters, 2016), in the role of non-CO2 forcers (MacDougall et al., 2015) and in the long-term Earth system response to forcing (Rugenstein et al., 2019; Knutti et al., 2017; Armour, 2017). Such uncertainties may impact the utility of an absolute carbon budget if peak temperatures occur significantly after net-zero emissions are achieved, the likelihood of which is shown here to be conditional on prior assumptions about the long-term dynamics of the Earth system. In the context of these uncertainties, we show that the necessity and scope for negative emissions deployment later in the century can be conditioned on near-term emissions, providing support for a scenario framework which focuses on emissions reductions rather than absolute budgets (Rogelj et al., 2019b).

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