scholarly journals The Art of Physical Hydraulic Modeling and Its Impact on the Water Resources of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salik Javaid ◽  
Muhammad Zeshan Khalil

Before any major hydraulic engineering project is undertaken for planning, designing, construction, or revamping and rehabilitation some kind of model study is but a necessity. Depending upon the time, resources and, significance of the project, the study could be done only on the paper and computer screen using some graphical, analytical or, statistical software and tools, or it could be combined with the more expensive and time consuming physical model study also. This chapter focuses on the question as to why the physical modeling should be reintroduced into engineering practice because of the modern techniques and systems now available for construction, operation and, data analysis of these physical models.

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Drew C. Baird ◽  
Benjamin Abban ◽  
S. Michael Scurlock ◽  
Steven B. Abt ◽  
Christopher I. Thornton

While there are a wide range of design recommendations for using rock vanes and bendway weirs as streambank protection measures, no comprehensive, standard approach is currently available for design engineers to evaluate their hydraulic performance before construction. This study investigates using 2D numerical modeling as an option for predicting the hydraulic performance of rock vane and bendway weir structure designs for streambank protection. We used the Sedimentation and River Hydraulics (SRH)-2D depth-averaged numerical model to simulate flows around rock vane and bendway weir installations that were previously examined as part of a physical model study and that had water surface elevation and velocity observations. Overall, SRH-2D predicted the same general flow patterns as the physical model, but over- and underpredicted the flow velocity in some areas. These over- and underpredictions could be primarily attributed to the assumption of negligible vertical velocities. Nonetheless, the point differences between the predicted and observed velocities generally ranged from 15 to 25%, with some exceptions. The results showed that 2D numerical models could provide adequate insight into the hydraulic performance of rock vanes and bendway weirs. Accordingly, design guidance and implications of the study results are presented for design engineers.


Author(s):  
Regina Gražulevičienė ◽  
Inga Bendokienė

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of truck traffic on acoustic pollution in two Kaunas districts crossed by highways‐ Eiguliai and Šilainiai. Composition of traffic flow and noise measurements were conducted near the main streets and national highways that cross the districts. GIS and statistical software SPSS 12.01 were used for the data analysis. The study results showed that mean noise level near the main streets was 70 dB(A) in the daytime,‐ 68.6 dB(A) in the evening and at night it was 61.1 dB(A) in Eiguliai, and in Šilainiai it was 67 dB(A), 65 dB(A) and 58 dB(A), correspondingly. On the highways, crossing the districts, heavy vehicles compose about 3 times higher part of total traffic flow during the day and about 2 times in the evening compared to other main streets. The noise level depended on the traffic flow and correlation coefficient fluctuated from 0.77 to 0.85. The modelling of traffic flow showed, that the increase of trucks proportion by 2 percent would increase the traffic noise by 1.1 dB(A) in the streets with traffic flow of 300 veh./hour or more, and by 1.8 dB(A) with traffic flow of 200 veh./hour or less. Our findings suggest that the influence of heavy vehicles on acoustic pollution is higher in the districts with lower traffic flow. Santrauka Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti krovininio autotransporto įtaką akustinei taršai Kauno mikrorajonuose, kuriuos kerta respublikinės reikšmės magistralės – Islandijos plentas ir vakarinis lankstas. Aplinkos triukšmo lygis ir transporto srautų intensyvumas Eigulių ir Šilainių seniūnijoje buvo matuotas 34 taškuose – dieną, vakare ir naktį. Duomenims apdoroti taikyta geografinių informacinių (GIS) sistemų technologijos, SPSS 12.0.1 ir Statistica 15 statistinės analizės paketai. Tyrimų rezultatai: vidutinis ekvivalentinis triukšmo lygis Eigulių seniūnijoje dieną prie pagrindinių gatvių siekė 70 dBA, vakare – 68,6 dBA, o naktį – 61,1 dBA ir iš esmės nesiskyrė nuo Šilainių seniūnijos, atitinkamai 67 dBA, 65 dBA ir 58 dBA. Magistraliniuose keliuose, kertančiuose Eigulių ir Šilainių seniūnijas, vidutinis transporto srautų intensyvumas dieną ir vakare buvo 5 kartus, naktį 6 kartus didesnis nei vidutinis srautų intensyvumas pagrindinėse gatvėse tuo pačiu metu, o krovininio autotransporto dalis dieną 3 kartus, o vakare 2 kartus viršijo vidutinius pagrindinių gatvių srautus. Nustatyta sąsaja tarp transporto srautų intensyvumo ir triukšmo lygio: Eigulių seniūnijos dienos koreliacijos koeficientas buvo 0,85, vakaro ir nakties – 0,83, o Šilainių seniūnijos – atitinkamai 0,78, 0,77 ir 0,80. Transporto srautų sudėties modeliavimo duomenimis, padidėjus krovininio transporto proporcijai 2 %, gatvėse, kuriose transporto srautas didesnis nei 300 aut./val., triukšmo lygis padidėtų 1,1 dBA, o kur transporto srautas mažesnis nei 200 aut./val., triukšmo lygis padidėtų 1,8 dBA (koreliacijos koeficientas – 0,63). Krovininio transporto įtaka akustinei taršai didesnė mikrorajonuose, kuriuose transporto srautai nedideli. Резюме Целью данной работы было изучить влияние грузового автотранспорта на акустическое загрязнение в микрорайонах города Каунаса, которые пересекают трассы государственного значения. Это шоссе Исландиос и объезд Вакаринис. Состав транспортного потока определялся и уровень шума измерялся около главных улиц микрорайонов. Результаты исследования показали, что средний уровень шума днем был 70 dBA, вечером – 68,6 dBA, ночью – 61,1 dBA. На трассах государственного значения, пересекающих микрорайоны, по сравнению с другими улицами потоки грузовых автомобилей были в 3 раза больше днем и 2 раза больше вечером. Установлена зaвисимость между величиной транспортного потока и шума (r = 0,77–0,85). Моделирование состава транспортного потока показало, что при увеличении на улицах грузового транспорта на 2% с 300 авт./час и больше шум увеличивается на 1,1 dBA, а при количестве грузового транспорта, составляющем 200 авт./час и меньше, шум возрастает на 1,8 dBA. Влияние грузового автотранспорта на акустическое загрязнение больше в микрорайонах с небольшим транспортным потоком.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Peter E. Highfield ◽  
Zi-Qiang Lang ◽  
Darren Kell

Abstract Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used as an adjunct to colposcopy for cervical cancer diagnosis for many years, Currently, the template match method is employed for EIS measurements analysis, where the measured EIS spectra are compared with the templates generated from three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of cancerous and non-cancerous cervical tissue, and the matches between the measured EIS spectra and the templates are then used to derive a score that indicates the association strength of the measured EIS to the High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (HG CIN). These FE models can be viewed as the computational versions of the associated physical tissue models. In this paper, the problem is revisited with an objective to develop a new method for EIS data analysis that might reveal the relationship between the change in the tissue structure due to disease and the change in the measured spectrum. This could provide us with important information to understand the histopathological mechanism that underpins the EIS-based HG CIN diagnostic decision making and the prognostic value of EIS for cervical cancer diagnosis. A further objective is to develop an alternative EIS data processing method for HG CIN detection that does not rely on physical models of tissues so as to facilitate extending the EIS technique to new medical diagnostic applications where the template spectra are not available. An EIS data-driven method was developed in this paper to achieve the above objectives, where the EIS data analysis for cervical cancer diagnosis and prognosis were formulated as the classification problems and a Cole model-based spectrum curve fitting approach was proposed to extract features from EIS readings for classification. Machine learning techniques were then used to build classification models with the selected features for cervical cancer diagnosis and evaluation of the prognostic value of the measured EIS. The interpretable classification models were developed with real EIS data sets, which enable us to associate the changes in the observed EIS and the risk of being HG CIN or developing HG CIN with the changes in tissue structure due to disease. The developed classification models were used for HG CIN detection and evaluation of the prognostic value of EIS and the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed method. The method developed is of long-term benefit for EIS–based cervical cancer diagnosis and, in conjunction with standard colposcopy, there is the potential for the developed method to provide a more effective and efficient patient management strategy for clinic practice.


Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Jorge Rubén Sánchez-González

The issue of hemi- and homonyms is an unsolved topic in the Big Data era, where informatics and technicians, rather than biologists or taxonomists, analyze huge datasets. Nowadays, taxonomic nomenclature is ruled by four independent international codes, and according to them, the existence of hemihomonyms and homonyms is accepted under some conditions as an exception to the general rule. This situation entails confusion, disagreements, and a plethora of problems whose consequences could worsen in the near future within the framework of the big data era. Moreover, the increasing use of big databases and analyses, data science, bioinformatics, biological monitoring, and bioassessment has shown such exceptions to be inconvenient, since these exceptions to homonyms are considered as duplicates by databases and statistical software, which are handled by non-taxonomist experts. International Codes of Nomenclature must change within the new context of big data analysis. This work aims to propose the elimination of any exception to the presence of homonyms and to evaluate whether the Independence Principle makes sense within this new context. Increasing coordination between several independent nomenclatural systems is essential and, perhaps, we must conduct our efforts towards a universal species list, finishing with the historical schism between Codes.


2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (S4) ◽  
pp. 10229-10240
Author(s):  
Wenguang Luo ◽  
Guolu Yang ◽  
Jing Lu ◽  
Senlin Zhu

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Burkov

The book investigates the issues related to improving the efficiency of technical operation of ship electric drives, developed their classification. Identified ship's drives, having low reliability, designed and implemented technical solutions to increase their reliability. The appropriateness of the integrated assessment within the tasks of a mathematical and physical modeling. Developed and implemented mathematical and physical models for studies of electric drives. The proposed method, an algorithmic software, and made payments of contactors for work in the proposed technical solutions. Designed for those who specializiruetsya in the field of the theory and practice of ship electric drives. Useful for the learning process in the system of higher Maritime education.


2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sinclair ◽  
N. G. Cormier

Simple physical models for the stresses in dovetail attachments are developed. These models address: to slip or not to slip, nominal stresses during loading up, peak contact and shear stresses during loading up, hoop stresses during loading up, peak contact and shear stresses during unloading, and hoop stresses during unloading. Comparisons are made with a previous paper on companion finite element modeling. Generally there is good agreement between the simple physical models and the finite element analysis. Together the two identify a pinching mechanism as leading to large fluctuations in hoop stresses at the edges of contact. These fluctuating hoop stresses can be expected to be a major contributor to the fatigue of dovetail attachments.


2013 ◽  
Vol 671-674 ◽  
pp. 2982-2985
Author(s):  
Ye Bing Wang ◽  
Li Juan Chen

Project management, an important branch of management science, has got an increasing attention in various countries. Investment efficiency, social benefits, environmental benefits are affected by the quality of the construction investment projects. With the rapid development of industry and intelligent buildings, electrical engineering will become more and more useful and important. This thesis based on the engineering practice gives a systematic analysis of the role and significance of electrical engineering project management in construction.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratiti Pattnaik ◽  
Sarat Chandra Gharai ◽  
Narendranath Samantaray

Introduction- Infertility affects both male and female. Little attention has been given to the psychological status of infertility male. Aim of this study is to study the association between depression and male infertility. Methods- 61 infertile men and 61 fertile men were randomly selected from DHH Kendrapada, Bhagabati hospital of Kendrapada and CHC of Derabish, Odisha and further administered HAM-D. Present study adopted case controlled design. Data analysis was done by using R statistical software. Results-Statistically significant association between depression and infertility men was found out [p<o.oo1]. It has also been found out that the lower the age group, higher the depressive symptoms. Conclusion-Depression among infertile men is remarkably high and individuals with low age range are at higher risk of developing depression.


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