scholarly journals Scorpion Toxins from Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Neurological Disorders: State of the Art and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Shuzhang Zhang ◽  
Yudan Zhu ◽  
Zhiping Zhang ◽  
Mengyao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Scorpion Toxins

Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Sang Cho ◽  
Jang Ho Lee ◽  
Jeiwon Cho ◽  
Guang-Ho Cha ◽  
Gyun Jee Song
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. Methods: We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. Results: Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. Conclusion: Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Botulinum Toxin in Movement Disorders: An Update

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Charenya Anandan ◽  
Joseph Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Active Drug ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Novel Applications

Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neurological disorders. With respect to neurologic movement disorders, BoNT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of dystonia, bruxism, tremors, tics, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and a variety of symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. More recently, research with BoNT has expanded beyond its use as a powerful muscle relaxant and a peripherally active drug to its potential central nervous system applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Although BoNT is the most potent biologic toxin, when it is administered by knowledgeable and experienced clinicians, it is one of the safest therapeutic agents in clinical use. The primary aim of this article is to provide an update on recent advances in BoNT research with a focus on novel applications in the treatment of movement disorders. This comprehensive review of the literature provides a critical review of evidence-based clinical trials and highlights recent innovative pilot studies.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effects, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xi-jun Wang ◽  
Shi Qiu ◽  
Aihua Zhang ◽  
Jian-hua Miao ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
The World

The incidence of neurological disorders is growing in the world together with an increased lifespan. Nowadays, there are still no effective treatments for neurodegenerative pathology, which make necessary to search for new therapeutic agents. Natural products, most of them used in phytochemicals from herbal medicine, are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous herbs have been applied to neurodegenerative disease treatments as complementary and alternative medicines. In the 21st century, omics-coupled functional pharmacology was developed for neurodegenerative drug discovery from natural products. In this article, we firstly provide the latest understanding of neurological disorders on risk factors, category, diagnosis and treatment, and then specially present an overview of natural products in neuroprotective effects research from chemical biology to pharmacological targets, and also discuss the natural products application and future challenge.

scholarly journals Clinical Relevance of State-of-the-Art Analysis of Surface Electromyography in Cerebral Palsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germana Cappellini ◽  
Francesca Sylos-Labini ◽  
Carla Assenza ◽  
Laura Libernini ◽  
Daniela Morelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Surface Electromyography ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Neural Controllers ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Tendon Surgery ◽  
Reference Databases

Surface electromyography (sEMG) can be used to assess the integrity of the neuromuscular system and its impairment in neurological disorders. Here we will consider several issues related to the current clinical applications, difficulties and limited usage of sEMG for the assessment and rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. The uniqueness of this methodology is that it can determine hyperactivity or inactivity of selected muscles, which cannot be assessed by other methods. In addition, it can assist for intervention or muscle/tendon surgery acts, and it can evaluate integrated functioning of the nervous system based on multi-muscle sEMG recordings and assess motor pool activation. The latter aspect is especially important for understanding impairments of the mechanisms of neural controllers rather than malfunction of individual muscles. Although sEMG study is an important tool in both clinical research and neurorehabilitation, the results of a survey on the clinical relevance of sEMG in a typical department of pediatric rehabilitation highlighted its limited clinical usage. We believe that this is due to limited knowledge of the sEMG and its neuromuscular underpinnings by many physiotherapists, as a result of lack of emphasis on this important methodology in the courses taught in physical therapy schools. The lack of reference databases or benchmarking software for sEMG analysis may also contribute to the limited clinical usage. Despite the existence of educational and technical barriers to a widespread use of, sEMG does provide important tools for planning and assessment of rehabilitation treatments for children with cerebral palsy.

scholarly journals The neuroprotection effects of exosome in central nervous system injuries: A new target for therapeutic intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Lei Mao ◽  
Handong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), are the most common cause of death and disability around the world. As a key subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes have recently attracted great attentions due to their functions in remodeling extracellular matrix, and transmitting signals and molecules. A large number of studies have suggested that exosomes played an important role in brain development and involved in many neurological disorders, particularly in CNS injuries. It has been proposed that exosomes could improve cognition function, inhibit apoptosis, suppress inflammation, regulate autophagy and protect blood brain barrier (BBB) in CNS injuries via different molecules and pathways including microRNA (miRNA), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), ph1osphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Notch1 and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK). Therefore, exosomes showed great promise as potential targets in CNS injuries. In this article, we present a review highlighting the applications of exosomes in CNS injuries. Hence, on the basis of these properties and effects, exosomes may be developed as therapeutic agents for CNS injury patients.

In silico approaches for the prediction and analysis of antiviral peptides: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phasit Charoenkwan ◽  
Nuttapat Anuwongcharoen ◽  
Chanin Nantasenamat ◽  
Md. Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Watshara Shoombuatong
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Robust Learning ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Feature Encoding ◽  
Antiviral Peptides

: In light of the growing resistance toward current antiviral drugs, efforts to discover novel and effective antiviral therapeutic agents remain a pressing scientific effort. Antiviral peptides (AVPs) represents promising therapeutic agents due to their extraordinary advantages in terms of potency, efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties. The growing volume of newly discovered peptide sequences in the post-genomic era requires computational approaches for timely and accurate identification of AVPs. Machine learning (ML) methods such as random forest and support vector machine represents robust learning algorithms that are instrumental in successful peptide-based drug discovery. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state-of-the-art on the application of ML methods for identifying AVPs directly from the sequence information. We compare the efficiency of these methods in terms of the underlying characteristics of the dataset used along with feature encoding methods, ML algorithms, cross-validation methods and prediction performance. Finally, guidelines for development of robust AVP models are also discussed. It is anticipated that this review will be serve as a useful guide for the design and development of robust AVP and related therapeutic peptide predictors in the future.

Advances in drug delivery, gene delivery and therapeutic agents based on dendritic materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 1791-1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Contin ◽  
Cybele Garcia ◽  
Cecilia Dobrecky ◽  
Silvia Lucangioli ◽  
Norma D’Accorso
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Common Point ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Dendrimer Conjugates

Dendrimers are synthetic polymers that grow in three dimensions into well-defined structures. Their morphological appearance resembles a number of trees connected by a common point. Dendritic nanoparticles have been studied for a large number of pharmaceutical and biomedical applications including gene and drug delivery, clinical diagnosis and MRI. Despite the application of dendrimers, research is still in its childhood in comparison with liposomes and other nanomaterials. They are now playing a key role in several therapeutic strategies, with dendrimer-based products in clinical trials. The aim of this review is to describe the state-of-the-art of biomedical applications of dendrimers – and dendrimer conjugates – such as drug and gene delivery and antiviral activity.

scholarly journals Use of Wearable Sensor Technology in Gait, Balance, and Range of Motion Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Díaz ◽  
Jeannie B. Stephenson ◽  
Miguel A. Labrador
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wearable Sensor ◽  
Rehabilitation Assessment

More than 8.6 million people suffer from neurological disorders that affect their gait and balance. Physical therapists provide interventions to improve patient’s functional outcomes, yet balance and gait are often evaluated in a subjective and observational manner. The use of quantitative methods allows for assessment and tracking of patient progress during and after rehabilitation or for early diagnosis of movement disorders. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in wearable sensor technology in gait, balance, and range of motion research. It serves as a point of reference for future research, describing current solutions and challenges in the field. A two-level taxonomy of rehabilitation assessment is introduced with evaluation metrics and common algorithms utilized in wearable sensor systems.

scholarly journals Therapy of Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Margoni ◽  
Francesca Rinaldi ◽  
Paola Perini ◽  
Paolo Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
Current State ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Pediatric Onset

Treatment of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) has been tailored after observational studies and data obtained from clinical trials in adult-onset multiple sclerosis (AOMS) patients. There are an increasing number of new therapeutic agents for AOMS, and many will be formally studied for use also in POMS. However, there are important efficacy and safety concerns regarding the use of these therapies in children and young adults. This review will discuss the current state of the art of POMS therapy and will focus on the newer therapies (oral and infusion disease-modifying drugs) and on those still currently under investigation.

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