scholarly journals Exploration of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) By-Products as Valuable Potential Resources in Livestock Feeds and Feeding Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayinka John Makinde ◽  
Sunday A. Okunade ◽  
Emmanuel Opoola ◽  
Akeem Babatunde Sikiru ◽  
Solomon O. Ajide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
R.A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).

Quality control of Amazonian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by-products and microencapsulated extract by thermal analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 993-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taís Vanessa Gabbay Alves ◽  
Russany Silva da Costa ◽  
Antônio Taylon Aguiar Gomes ◽  
Carlos Emmerson Ferreira da Costa ◽  
Patrizia Perego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
By Products

Effects of supplementary hay in the diet of concentrate fed early weaned lambs

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 83-83
Author(s):  
J E Vipond ◽  
J FitzSimons ◽  
M Lewis ◽  
G Horgan
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Component Selection ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feeder Design ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
On Farm ◽  
By Products ◽  
Saliva Production ◽  
Feeding Systems

Early weaned lambs have been successfully reared to slaughter on ad libitum concentrate diets for many years, mainly in systems involving out of season lamb production where high market prices offset the comparatively high feed costs. In these systems maximum growth rates are required to enable lambs to reach acceptable slaughter weights before market prices fall.Feeding systems may be based on whole cereals supplemented with small, high protein pellets, a technique developed from Rowett studies (Orskov et al, 1974) or home made blends of processed cereals and by-products or proprietary concentrates. Component selection Is a common problem with diets based on whole grains and although this can largely be overcome by correct feeder design this incurs considerable expense. Diet selection can be reduced by processing grain (eg on farm rolling) or by pelleting. Cereal processing and pelleting however can have deleterious effects on rumen function as described by Orskov (1973), the effects being attributed to both inadequate saliva production and reduced rumen surface stimulation by roughage.

scholarly journals Cassava-Based Diets Increase Live Weight Gain of Cross Bred Bulls in Small Fattening Systems in Malang, East Java

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Deni Setiadi ◽  
Kasmiati Kasmiati ◽  
Abu Z. Zakariya ◽  
Karen Harper ◽  
Dennis Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Traditional farmers usually use local feed ingredient based on cheapest ingredients without considering the importance of feed conversion ratio to maximise cattle growth. The experiment was conducted to determine the growth of crossbred bulls fed on a cassava by-product based diet and a local concentrate. Fifty cross bred bulls aged 1.5–2 years were used in this study. The bulls were divided into five groups and offered 1% and 2% local concentrate (T1 and T2), 1% and 2% cassava-based diet (T3 and T4) and the current feeding system (CFS) by farmers (T0) as the control. Local concentrate was bought from Blitar while cassava-based diets contained 50% cassava, 25% copra meal and 25% palm kernel cake. No interventions were made to the CFS, however, some farmers in T0 used local forages and agricultural by-products such as rice bran and pollard bran as a feed, and adopted the supplementation of local concentrates as used by T1 and T2 farmers. The average daily gain were 1.13 kg/head/day (T0), 1.09 kg/head/day (T1), 1.38 kg/head/day (T2), 0.8 kg/head/day (T3) and 1.23 kg/head/day (T4). The study found that local concentrates promoted high average daily gain and that traditional feeding systems (CFS) performed well when farmers saw other farmers feeding better diets.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SOME QUALITIES OF COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK FEEDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Y. O. Ogunwolere ◽  
C. F. I. Onwuka
Keyword(s):  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Feed Pellet ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feed Samples ◽  
Chemical Contents

The nutrient qualities of different classes of commercial livestock feed were monitored over a period of 20 weeks for changes in their chemical composition as well as differences between actual chemical contents and tagged specifications. Feed samples were collected from farms and feed depois around Abekuta in Ogun State. Results obtained reveled wide ranges of values (P < 0.05) within feeds of the same class, depending on the miller(s). Creep feed pellet had CP values (21.98±0.21%) which were 0.01% less than the recommended nutrient requirement for creep pigs. There was low CP in some layers diet (13%) (P < 0.05). All feeds types analysed had consistently and significantly higher crude fibre values than recommended for the relevant animals while energy and CP were noticeably low. The study further showed that finished feeds and feed ingredients were adulterated with saw dust, sand urea, rice bran, etc. The needs for feed quality standardization and monitoring as well as the usage of agro-industrial by products in appropriate proportions were examined and recommendations made.

By-products

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Karl Raitz
Keyword(s):  
Animal Waste ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems ◽  
State Board

Some early farm distillers disposed of their slop by dumping it into streams, killing fish, fouling the water, and drawing irate protests from neighbors. Nuisance abatement laws were invoked to combat the practice. Other distillers adopted livestock feeding systems that combined slop with hay and fodder. Penned livestock then created a secondary problem: animal waste runoff from the feeding pens. Some distillers gave away or sold their slop to neighboring farmers. Livestock brokers began to buy cattle and hogs specifically for consignment to distilleries, where the animals would be fed to market weight. After 1900, the Kentucky State Board of Health began a campaign to combat waterborne diseases spread by sewage and slop contamination.

Measurement of ‘reach’ in stall-fed sheep and goats

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
V.R.M. Muhikambele ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
J.E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Base Line Data ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Future human population increases will require more land being devoted to cereal production. This will demand that ruminants be increasingly reliant on crop by-products for feed. The greater integration of crop and animal production will require more reliance on stall feeding systems. There is little published information on stall feeding systems for sheep and goats. Furthermore there is little information on the design of stall feeders for these animals. This paper reports an experiment designed to measure the reach capacity of sheep and goats in order to provide base line data which will be required when designing feeders for them.

Mechanization of Feeding in Relation to Feeding Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
P.J. Broadbent
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

The purpose of cattle production is to convert crops and crop by-products which cannot be sold directly for human consumption into products which can be consumed. Cattle may also be used to increase the value of some crops which can be consumed directly, especially where the cattle enterprise is soundly based on crops which have no direct sale value; and where the cattle are highly productive (e.g. high-yielding dairy cows, calves, young growing and finishing cattle). Occasionally market circumstances may enable cattle to be fed entirely on crops which can be consumed by man, as in the all-concentrate beef system. Essentially, however, cattle production is a by-product enterprise, i.e. it is an adjunct to other farming enterprises or is undertaken in circumstances where there is no alternative method of utilizing land.

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