Urban Built-Up Property Formation Process in the Peri-Urban Areas of Ethiopia

Formation process of periodic non-conservative antiphase boundary structure in L-Pd5Ce

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100173947 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 162-163

Author(s):

Masaru Itakura ◽

Noriyuki Kuwano ◽

Kensuke Oki

Keyword(s):

Formation Process ◽

Domain Size ◽

Antiphase Boundary ◽

Boundary Structure ◽

Temperature Phase ◽

Arc Melting ◽

Iced Water ◽

Antiphase Domains ◽

Low Temperature Phase ◽

Degree Of Order

The low temperature phase of Pd5Ce (L-Pd5Ce) has a one-dimensional long period superstructure (1D-LPS) derived from Ll2. The periodic antiphase boundaries (APBs) are parallel to (110) planes and have a shift vector of 1/2[110]. Hereafter, the indices are referred to the basic lattices of Ll2 As insertion of the APB causes a change in composition, such an APB is called “non-conservative”. Then, a domain size M depends upon the Ce concentration in the alloy. It was found that M increases also with temperature. The temperature dependency of M is attributed to a change of the degree of order within the antiphase domains. In this work, morphology of the non-conservative APBs is observed to clarify the formation process of the 1D-LPS.The alloy of Pd-16.7 at%Ce was prepared by arc melting in argon atmosphere. Disc specimens made from the alloy ingot were first held at 985 K for 260 ks and quenched in iced water to obtain the state of M=∞ or Ll2, followed by annealing for various lengths of time. The annealing temperature was 873 K where the equilibrium value for M is about 3 in unit of (110) lattice spacing of Ll2. Observation was carried out using microscopes JEM-2000FX, JEM-4000EX (HVEM Lab., Kyushu Univ.) and JEM-2000EX (Dept. of Mater. Sci. Tech., Kyushu Univ.).

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Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

Child Care Health and Development ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2214.1996.787787.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 167-174

Author(s):

J A Cantrill ◽

B Johannesson ◽

M Nicholson ◽

P R Noyce

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Primary Schoolchildren ◽

Minor Ailments

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Cannabis use in Switzerland: The role of attribution of drug use to friends, urbanization and repression 1The study was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG) Grant 316.96.5980.

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.60.2.99 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 99-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Holger Schmid

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Hierarchical Linear Model ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Structural Variables ◽

Hbsc Study ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Individual Use

Cannabis use does not show homogeneous patterns in a country. In particular, urbanization appears to influence prevalence rates, with higher rates in urban areas. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was employed to analyze these structural influences on individuals in Switzerland. Data for this analysis were taken from the Switzerland survey of Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study, the most recent survey to assess drug use in a nationally representative sample of 3473 15-year-olds. A total of 1487 male and 1620 female students indicated their cannabis use and their attributions of drug use to friends. As second level variables we included address density in the 26 Swiss Cantons as an indicator of urbanization and officially recorded offences of cannabis use in the Cantons as an indicator of repressive policy. Attribution of drug use to friends is highly correlated with cannabis use. The correlation is even more pronounced in urban Cantons. However, no association between recorded offences and cannabis use was found. The results suggest that structural variables influence individuals. Living in an urban area effects the attribution of drug use to friends. On the other hand repressive policy does not affect individual use.

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