scholarly journals Role of Phenylalanine and Its Metabolites in Health and Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Muhammad Daniyal ◽  
Aatiqa Ali ◽  
Rida Zainab ◽  
Syed Muhammad Ali Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders

Autophagy Modulators and Neuroinflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Sang Cho ◽  
Jang Ho Lee ◽  
Jeiwon Cho ◽  
Guang-Ho Cha ◽  
Gyun Jee Song
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. Therefore, various studies have focused on the development of neuroinflammation inhibitors as potential therapeutic tools. Recently, the involvement of autophagy in the regulation of neuroinflammation has drawn substantial scientific interest, and a growing number of studies support the role of impaired autophagy in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review recent research on the role of autophagy in controlling neuroinflammation. We focus on studies employing both mammalian cells and animal models to evaluate the ability of different autophagic modulators to regulate neuroinflammation. Methods: We have mostly reviewed recent studies reporting anti-neuroinflammatory properties of autophagy. We also briefly discussed a few studies showing that autophagy modulators activate neuroinflammation in certain conditions. Results: Recent studies report neuroprotective as well as anti-neuroinflammatory effects of autophagic modulators. We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of action of these drugs and their potential limitations as therapeutic agents against neurological disorders. Conclusion: Autophagy activators are promising compounds for the treatment of neurological disorders involving neuroinflammation.

Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

Role of Hexokinase and VDAC in Neurological Disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
José César Rosa ◽  
Marcelo de Cerqueira César
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders

scholarly journals Current Knowledge of Endolysosomal and Autophagy Defects in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1678
Author(s):  
Liriopé Toupenet Marchesi ◽  
Marion Leblanc ◽  
Giovanni Stevanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Spastic Paraplegia ◽  
Functional Convergence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hsp Genes

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of neurological disorders involving the degeneration of motor neurons. Due to their clinical and genetic heterogeneity, finding common effective therapeutics is difficult. Therefore, a better understanding of the common pathological mechanisms is necessary. The role of several HSP genes/proteins is linked to the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways, suggesting a functional convergence. Furthermore, impairment of these pathways is particularly interesting since it has been linked to other neurodegenerative diseases, which would suggest that the nervous system is particularly sensitive to the disruption of the endolysosomal and autophagic systems. In this review, we will summarize the involvement of HSP proteins in the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways in order to clarify their functioning and decipher some of the pathological mechanisms leading to HSP.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota as an Alternative Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Wu ◽  
Yuyu Zhang ◽  
Hongyu Yang ◽  
Yuefeng Rao ◽  
Jing Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

Epilepsy is one of the most widespread serious neurological disorders, and an aetiological explanation has not been fully identified. In recent decades, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the influential role of autoimmune mechanisms in the progression of epilepsy. The hygiene hypothesis draws people’s attention to the association between gut microbes and the onset of multiple immune disorders. It is also believed that, in addition to influencing digestive system function, symbiotic microbiota can bidirectionally and reversibly impact the programming of extraintestinal pathogenic immune responses during autoimmunity. Herein, we investigate the concept that the diversity of parasitifer sensitivity to commensal microbes and the specific constitution of the intestinal microbiota might impact host susceptibility to epilepsy through promotion of Th17 cell populations in the central nervous system (CNS).

Role of perinatal factors in the formation of neurocognitive disorders in children with ADHD

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
E. A. MOROZOVA ◽  
◽  
A. A. MADIAKINA ◽  
M. V. BELOUSOVA ◽  
M. A. UTKUZOVA UTKUZOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Attention Disorders ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Group I ◽  
Number Of Factors

The article presents the results of studying the influence of perinatal factors and neurological disorders on the formation of attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children; the results of assessing the cognitive status and attention indicators in children of the studied groups are presented. The purpose was to study the perinatal causes, neurological manifestations, and cognitive status in children with ADHD. Material and methods. The study involved 172 children aged 6 to 17 years with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. The research methods included: clinical and anamnestic method with an emphasis on perinatal aspects; classical neurological examination; neuropsychological testing. Results. The influence of antenatal factors and neurological disorders at the 1st year of life on the formation of ADHD was revealed. The features of the cognitive status and attention indicators of children of both groups were studied. Conclusions. A burdened perinatal history and neurological disorders developing against this background lead to an early manifestation of ADHD symptoms. The combination of neurological symptoms with low cognitive indicators and significant attention disorders in children of group I determines the low success of children in mastering educational programs. The presence of a burdened perinatal history (for a number of factors) should be considered as a predictor of the formation of ADHD, in order to further select children at risk for early preventive work.

EFFECTS OF ASPHYXIATION OF THE FETUS AND THE NEWBORN INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-569
Author(s):  
William F. Windle
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Asphyxia Neonatorum

There is pressing need of well controlled clinical evaluation of the role of adverse factors in the prenatal, natal and early postnatal periods in the etiology of neurological disorders. This is particularly true of asphyxia neonatorum. Many articles have been written on relationships between apnea, anoxia or asphyxia and manifestations of mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and othe neurological, psychological and behavioral defects. The majority of the writers express opinions, but give no evidence that data were collected. Controls are commonly lacking. Often no attempt to measure the variables appears to have been made. A review1 of more than 500 reports, commentaries and testimonials of clinical experiences reveals deficiency in basic information of physiology of the fetus and newborn that is nothing short of appalling.

The role of electromagnetic fields in neurological disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 78-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A.R. Mortazavi ◽  
S.M.J. Mortazavi ◽  
Maryam Paknahad
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Neurological Disorders

scholarly journals Striatal Chloride Dysregulation and Impaired GABAergic Signaling Due to Cation-Chloride Cotransporter Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Serranilla ◽  
Melanie A. Woodin
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Synaptic Inhibition ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Immature Brain ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Mature Neurons ◽  
Cation Chloride Cotransporters

Intracellular chloride (Cl–) levels in mature neurons must be tightly regulated for the maintenance of fast synaptic inhibition. In the mature central nervous system (CNS), synaptic inhibition is primarily mediated by gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), which binds to Cl– permeable GABAA receptors (GABAARs). The intracellular Cl– concentration is primarily maintained by the antagonistic actions of two cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs): Cl–-importing Na+-K+-Cl– co-transporter-1 (NKCC1) and Cl– -exporting K+-Cl– co-transporter-2 (KCC2). In mature neurons in the healthy brain, KCC2 expression is higher than NKCC1, leading to lower levels of intracellular Cl–, and Cl– influx upon GABAAR activation. However, in neurons of the immature brain or in neurological disorders such as epilepsy and traumatic brain injury, impaired KCC2 function and/or enhanced NKCC1 expression lead to intracellular Cl– accumulation and GABA-mediated excitation. In Huntington’s disease (HD), KCC2- and NKCC1-mediated Cl–-regulation are also altered, which leads to GABA-mediated excitation and contributes to the development of cognitive and motor impairments. This review summarizes the role of Cl– (dys)regulation in the healthy and HD brain, with a focus on the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry and CCCs as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of HD.

scholarly journals Roles of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) in Epilepsy

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Da Xu ◽  
Liu Fan ◽  
Zhi Fang ◽  
Xiufeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Nerve Conduction ◽  
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmission ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neuron Injury

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. The mechanism of epilepsy remains unclear and previous studies suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in abnormal discharges, nerve conduction, neuron injury and inflammation, thereby they may participate in epileptogenesis. NMDARs belong to a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that play essential roles in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian CNS. Despite numerous studies focusing on the role of NMDAR in epilepsy, the relationship appeared to be elusive. In this article, we reviewed the regulation of NMDAR and possible mechanisms of NMDAR in epilepsy and in respect of onset, development, and treatment, trying to provide more evidence for future studies.

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