scholarly journals MRI Morphometry of the Brain and Neurological Diseases

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Mri Morphometry ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABAB receptor function

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (22) ◽  
pp. eabg3362
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Shaye ◽  
Benjamin Stauch ◽  
Cornelius Gati ◽  
Vadim Cherezov
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gabab Receptor ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Allosteric Modulators ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
The Brain

Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid G protein–coupled receptors (GABAB) represent one of the two main types of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. These receptors act both pre- and postsynaptically by modulating the transmission of neuronal signals and are involved in a range of neurological diseases, from alcohol addiction to epilepsy. A series of recent cryo-EM studies revealed critical details of the activation mechanism of GABAB. Structures are now available for the receptor bound to ligands with different modes of action, including antagonists, agonists, and positive allosteric modulators, and captured in different conformational states from the inactive apo to the fully active state bound to a G protein. These discoveries provide comprehensive insights into the activation of the GABAB receptor, which not only broaden our understanding of its structure, pharmacology, and physiological effects but also will ultimately facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic drugs and neuromodulators.

scholarly journals Human Monocytes Plasticity in Neurodegeneration

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Ilenia Savinetti ◽  
Angela Papagna ◽  
Maria Foti
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Surface Marker ◽  
First Line ◽  
Surface Marker Expression ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Attractive Therapeutic Target ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Monocytes play a crucial role in immunity and tissue homeostasis. They constitute the first line of defense during the inflammatory process, playing a role in the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, making them an attractive therapeutic target. They are heterogeneous in morphology and surface marker expression, which suggest different molecular and physiological properties. Recent evidences have demonstrated their ability to enter the brain, and, as a consequence, their hypothetical role in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge about the correlation between monocyte dysregulation in the brain and/or in the periphery and neurological diseases in humans. Here we will focus on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of cell death in neurological diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Moujalled ◽  
Andreas Strasser ◽  
Jeffrey R. Liddell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Signalling Cascades ◽  
The Brain

AbstractTightly orchestrated programmed cell death (PCD) signalling events occur during normal neuronal development in a spatially and temporally restricted manner to establish the neural architecture and shaping the CNS. Abnormalities in PCD signalling cascades, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cell death associated with autophagy as well as in unprogrammed necrosis can be observed in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. These cell deaths can be activated in response to various forms of cellular stress (exerted by intracellular or extracellular stimuli) and inflammatory processes. Aberrant activation of PCD pathways is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, resulting in unwanted loss of neuronal cells and function. Conversely, inactivation of PCD is thought to contribute to the development of brain cancers and to impact their response to therapy. For many neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers current treatment strategies have only modest effect, engendering the need for investigations into the origins of these diseases. With many diseases of the brain displaying aberrations in PCD pathways, it appears that agents that can either inhibit or induce PCD may be critical components of future therapeutic strategies. The development of such therapies will have to be guided by preclinical studies in animal models that faithfully mimic the human disease. In this review, we briefly describe PCD and unprogrammed cell death processes and the roles they play in contributing to neurodegenerative diseases or tumorigenesis in the brain. We also discuss the interplay between distinct cell death signalling cascades and disease pathogenesis and describe pharmacological agents targeting key players in the cell death signalling pathways that have progressed through to clinical trials.

scholarly journals A Destruction Model of the Vascular and Lymphatic Systems in the Emergence of Psychiatric Symptoms

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kohei Segawa ◽  
Yukari Blumenthal ◽  
Yuki Yamawaki ◽  
Gen Ohtsuki
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Postmortem Brains ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Brain

The lymphatic system is important for antigen presentation and immune surveillance. The lymphatic system in the brain was originally introduced by Giovanni Mascagni in 1787, while the rediscovery of it by Jonathan Kipnis and Kari Kustaa Alitalo now opens the door for a new interpretation of neurological diseases and therapeutic applications. The glymphatic system for the exchanges of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) is associated with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is involved in the maintenance of immune privilege and homeostasis in the brain. Recent notions from studies of postmortem brains and clinical studies of neurodegenerative diseases, infection, and cerebral hemorrhage, implied that the breakdown of those barrier systems and infiltration of activated immune cells disrupt the function of both neurons and glia in the parenchyma (e.g., modulation of neurophysiological properties and maturation of myelination), which causes the abnormality in the functional connectivity of the entire brain network. Due to the vulnerability, such dysfunction may occur in developing brains as well as in senile or neurodegenerative diseases and may raise the risk of emergence of psychosis symptoms. Here, we introduce this hypothesis with a series of studies and cellular mechanisms.

scholarly journals Distribution in the brain and possible neuroprotective effects of intranasally delivered multi-walled carbon nanotubes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Soligo ◽  
Fausto Maria Felsani ◽  
Tatiana Da Ros ◽  
Susanna Bosi ◽  
Elena Pellizzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Active Investigation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently under active investigation for their use in several biomedical applications, especially in neurological diseases and nervous system injury due to their electrochemical properties.

scholarly journals Targeting neuro–immune communication in neurodegeneration: Challenges and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 215 (11) ◽  
pp. 2702-2704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Deczkowska ◽  
Michal Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Brain

Immune cells patrol the brain and can support its function, but can we modulate brain–immune communication to fight neurological diseases? Here, we briefly discuss the mechanisms orchestrating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system and describe how targeting this interaction in a well-controlled manner could be developed as a universal therapeutic approach to treat neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals NeuroRoots, a bio-inspired, seamless Brain Machine Interface device for long-term recording

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D. Ferro ◽  
Christopher M. Proctor ◽  
Alexander Gonzalez ◽  
Eric Zhao ◽  
Andrea Slezia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Brain Machine Interface ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Integrative Level ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMinimally invasive electrodes of cellular scale that approach a bio-integrative level of neural recording could enable the development of scalable brain machine interfaces that stably interface with the same neural populations over long period of time.In this paper, we designed and created NeuroRoots, a bio-mimetic multi-channel implant sharing similar dimension (10µm wide, 1.5µm thick), mechanical flexibility and spatial distribution as axon bundles in the brain. A simple approach of delivery is reported based on the assembly and controllable immobilization of the electrode onto a 35µm microwire shuttle by using capillarity and surface-tension in aqueous solution. Once implanted into targeted regions of the brain, the microwire was retracted leaving NeuroRoots in the biological tissue with minimal surgical footprint and perturbation of existing neural architectures within the tissue. NeuroRoots was implanted using a platform compatible with commercially available electrophysiology rigs and with measurements of interests in behavioral experiments in adult rats freely moving into maze. We demonstrated that NeuroRoots electrodes reliably detected action potentials for at least 7 weeks and the signal amplitude and shape remained relatively constant during long-term implantation.This research represents a step forward in the direction of developing the next generation of seamless brain-machine interface to study and modulate the activities of specific sub-populations of neurons, and to develop therapies for a plethora of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Strategies to Improve the Quality and Freshness of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Neurological Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Da Yeon Lee ◽  
Sung Eun Lee ◽  
Do Hyeon Kwon ◽  
Saraswathy Nithiyanandam ◽  
Mi Ha Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Human Bone Marrow ◽  
Culture Dish ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
The Brain

Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) have been studied for their application to manage various neurological diseases, owing to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, paracrine, and antiapoptotic ability, as well as their homing capacity to specific regions of brain injury. Among mesenchymal stem cells, such as BM-MSCs, adipose-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord MSCs, BM-MSCs have many merits as cell therapeutic agents based on their widespread availability and relatively easy attainability and in vitro handling. For stem cell-based therapy with BM-MSCs, it is essential to perform ex vivo expansion as low numbers of MSCs are obtained in bone marrow aspirates. Depending on timing, before hBM-MSC transplantation into patients, after detaching them from the culture dish, cell viability, deformability, cell size, and membrane fluidity are decreased, whereas reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, and cytosolic vacuoles are increased. Thus, the quality and freshness of hBM-MSCs decrease over time after detachment from the culture dish. Especially, for neurological disease cell therapy, the deformability of BM-MSCs is particularly important in the brain for the development of microvessels. As studies on the traditional characteristics of hBM-MSCs before transplantation into the brain are very limited, omics and machine learning approaches are needed to evaluate cell conditions with indepth and comprehensive analyses. Here, we provide an overview of hBM-MSCs, the application of these cells to various neurological diseases, and improvements in their quality and freshness based on integrated omics after detachment from the culture dish for successful cell therapy.

Supercomputing in the Study and Stimulation of the Brain

2021 ◽  
pp. 290-300
Author(s):  
Laura Dipietro ◽  
Seth Elkin-Frankston ◽  
Ciro Ramos-Estebanez ◽  
Timothy Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Building Simulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain Imaging Data ◽  
Evolution Of Science ◽  
Computational Systems ◽  
The Brain

The history of neuroscience has tracked with the evolution of science and technology. Today, neuroscience's trajectory is heavily dependent on computational systems and the availability of high-performance computing (HPC), which are becoming indispensable for building simulations of the brain, coping with high computational demands of analysis of brain imaging data sets, and developing treatments for neurological diseases. This chapter will briefly review the current and potential future use of supercomputers in neuroscience.

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