scholarly journals Starch Biodegradable Films Produced by Electrospraying

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Cuellar Sánchez ◽  
Marcela González Vázquez ◽  
Alitzel B. García-Hernández ◽  
Fátima S. Serrano-Villa ◽  
Ma. de la Paz Salgado Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Window Of Opportunity ◽  
Biodegradable Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Materials Used

The use of particles obtained from biopolymers is of interest in fields such as bioengineering and nanotechnology, with applications in drug encapsulation, tissue engineering, and edible biofilms. A method used to obtain these particles is electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), which can generate different structures depending on the process conditions and raw materials used, opening a wide range of research in the biopolymers field, where starch is considered an excellent material to produce edible and biodegradable films. This chapter is a compilation and analysis of the newest studies of this technique, using starch with or without modifications to prepare films or membranes and their potential applications. A systematic literature review, focused on starch, and EHDA was carried out, finding 158 articles that match these criteria. From these results, a search inside them, using the words edible and biodegradable was conducted, showing 93 articles with these key words. The information was analyzed observing the preference to use corn, potato, rice, and cassava starches, obtaining mainly scaffolds and fibers and, in much less proportion, films or capsules. This review shows a window of opportunity for the study of starchy materials by EHDA to produce films, coatings, and capsules at micro or nano levels.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: An Overview, Potential Applications, Advancements, and Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhinakaran Veeman ◽  
M. Swapna Sai ◽  
P. Sureshkumar ◽  
T. Jagadeesha ◽  
L. Natrayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

As a technique of producing fabric engineering scaffolds, three-dimensional (3D) printing has tremendous possibilities. 3D printing applications are restricted to a wide range of biomaterials in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Due to their biocompatibility, bioactiveness, and biodegradability, biopolymers such as collagen, alginate, silk fibroin, chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and starch are used in a variety of fields, including the food, biomedical, regeneration, agriculture, packaging, and pharmaceutical industries. The benefits of producing 3D-printed scaffolds are many, including the capacity to produce complicated geometries, porosity, and multicell coculture and to take growth factors into account. In particular, the additional production of biopolymers offers new options to produce 3D structures and materials with specialised patterns and properties. In the realm of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), important progress has been accomplished; now, several state-of-the-art techniques are used to produce porous scaffolds for organ or tissue regeneration to be suited for tissue technology. Natural biopolymeric materials are often better suited for designing and manufacturing healing equipment than temporary implants and tissue regeneration materials owing to its appropriate properties and biocompatibility. The review focuses on the additive manufacturing of biopolymers with significant changes, advancements, trends, and developments in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering with potential applications.

scholarly journals Biomimicry in Bio-Manufacturing: Developments in Melt Electrospinning Writing Technology Towards Hybrid Biomanufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 3540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdows Afghah ◽  
Caner Dikyol ◽  
Mine Altunbek ◽  
Bahattin Koc
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Melt Electrospinning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Homogeneous Cell

Melt electrospinning writing has been emerged as a promising technique in the field of tissue engineering, with the capability of fabricating controllable and highly ordered complex three-dimensional geometries from a wide range of polymers. This three-dimensional (3D) printing method can be used to fabricate scaffolds biomimicking extracellular matrix of replaced tissue with the required mechanical properties. However, controlled and homogeneous cell attachment on melt electrospun fibers is a challenge. The combination of melt electrospinning writing with other tissue engineering approaches, called hybrid biomanufacturing, has introduced new perspectives and increased its potential applications in tissue engineering. In this review, principles and key parameters, challenges, and opportunities of melt electrospinning writing, and particularly, recent approaches and materials in this field are introduced. Subsequently, hybrid biomanufacturing strategies are presented for improved biological and mechanical properties of the manufactured porous structures. An overview of the possible hybrid setups and applications, future perspective of hybrid processes, guidelines, and opportunities in different areas of tissue/organ engineering are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Characterization, Classification, Dry High-Intensity Magnetic Separation (DHIMS), and Re-Grinding Techniques to Improve the Mineral Performance of a Sn-Ta-Nb Mineral Concentrate

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Jennire Nava ◽  
Teresa Llorens ◽  
Juan Menéndez-Aguado
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Ta and Nb are considered critical raw materials due to their properties and potential applications in a wide range of sectors. This study deals with Sn-Ta-Nb minerals from the Penouta mine (Orense, Spain), the only active mine in Europe producing tantalum minerals. These minerals are obtained from mining waste accumulated during old mining operations in tailing ponds. The industrial processing flowsheet is based on successive gravimetric stages followed by low intensity magnetic separation to reduce ferromagnetic contaminants. A Sn-Ta-Nb concentrate, with grades between 35–45% Sn and 4–7% Ta2O5 and Nb2O5, is obtained in this stage with plant recoveries around 60–70%, respectively. A chemical-mineralogical characterization by size fractions, XRF and XRD was carried out to implement a size classification stage in the processing plant. The finest fractions, containing higher grades of well-liberated Sn, Ta, and Nb minerals were utilized as the feed for dry high intensity magnetic separation (DHIMS) multifactorial tests, while coarse fractions were regrinded to maximize performance. The favorable results obtained in these tests demonstrate that two products with commercial quality can be obtained: a cassiterite concentrate with grades between 70–78% SnO2 and a tantalite-columbite concentrate with grades ranging between 12 and 14% Ta2O5 and Nb2O5, while also increasing the overall recovery of the plant.

Carbon Nanotubes

2015 ◽  
pp. 56-86
Author(s):  
Towseef Amin Rafeeqi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Cell Culture System ◽  
Cell Culture Systems ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Biological Milieu

Carbon-based nanotechnology has been rapidly developing, with a particular interest in the bio-application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a scaffold in tissue engineering. It is essential that the materials used in scaffold fabrication are compatible with cells, as well as with the biological milieu. Many synthetic polymers have been used for tissue engineering so far; however, many lack the necessary mechanical strength and may not be easily functionalized, in contrast to CNTs, which have shown very attractive features as a scaffold for cell culture system. In spite of many attractive features, the toxicity of CNTs is a prime concern. The potential applications of CNTs seem countless, although few have reached a marketable status so far and there is need of more studies on CNTs biocompatibility issues. This chapter aims to revisit the basics of CNTs with their bio-applications including their use as a scaffold in cell culture systems.

scholarly journals Quartz Sand Use in Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Tamara Kuzmanić ◽  
Matjaž Mikoš
Keyword(s):  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Best Available Technologies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sand Deposit ◽  
Materials Used

An overview of the production and usage of quartz sand as a special sort of sand for civil engineering is presented – from the formation of sand deposits, through mining and processing methods, to its final use, with an emphasis on its use in civil engineering, i.e. in water filtration. Quartz is found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. During sand formation in the fluvial environment, quartz grains are highly resistant to weathering and mechanical wear, and can be transported a long way without changes to size and form. Therefore, quartz is the main constituent of most natural sands. Quartz and quartz sand are ubiquitous raw materials used in a wide range of products in civil engineering due to their chemical inertia and high temperature resistance. An example of a quartz sand deposit and processing plant in Slovenia is presented as a practical case study on quartz sand application. The described applications using quartz sand are the best available technologies in sanitary and hydraulic engineering to be used for a move towards a circular economy, smart houses, and smart cities.

Technology and Equipment for Plasma Electric Arc Granulation of Fused Welding Flux

2019 ◽  
Vol 946 ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arseny O. Artemov ◽  
Stanislav V. Naumov ◽  
Michael N. Ignatov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Air Plasma ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Welding Flux ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Large Material

The article outlines the main principles of granulation technology for fused welding flux using highly concentrated heat sources (e.g. plasma arc). Modern plasma equipment and methods of its use for producing new welding materials (plasma-granulated welding flux) from mineral raw materials and synthetic mineral alloys are described. The developed technology makes it possible to produce granulated flux in a wide range of fractional composition (from 0.2 to 3 mm). Studies have focused on the influence of granulation regimes (plasmatron moving speed, current, voltage, arc length) on formation process and the morphology of welding flux particles. Mineral raw materials used for granulation were igneous rocks (basalt, hornblendite) and synthetic mineral alloys. The results obtained during experiments on the use of highly concentrated heat sources for granulation of a fused welding flux confirm the feasibility and prospects of this technology. Typical equipment for air-plasma cutting is used, and no new complex technological equipment is required, therefore it eliminates large material and labor costs.

scholarly journals Bio-Inspired Hydrogels via 3D Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Nie ◽  
Can Wang ◽  
Yaling Deng ◽  
Amin Shavandi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing

Many soft tissues of the human body such as cartilages, muscles, and ligaments are mainly composed of biological hydrogels possessing excellent mechanical properties and delicate structures. Nowadays, bio-inspired hydrogels have been intensively explored due to their promising potential applications in tissue engineering. However, the traditional manufacturing technology is challenging to produce the bio-inspired hydrogels, and the typical biological composite topologies of bio-inspired hydrogels are accessible completed using 3D bioprinting at micrometer resolution. In this chapter, the 3D bioprinting techniques used for the fabrication of bio-inspired hydrogels were summarized, and the materials used were outlined. This chapter also focuses on the applications of bio-inspired hydrogels fabricated using available 3D bioprinting technologies. The development of 3D bioprinting techniques in the future would bring us closer to the fabrication capabilities of living organisms, which would be widely used in biomedical applications.

3D printing in tissue engineering: a state of the art review of technologies and biomaterials

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1313-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataraj Poomathi ◽  
Sunpreet Singh ◽  
Chander Prakash ◽  
Arjun Subramanian ◽  
Rahul Sahay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications

Purpose In the past decade, three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained attention in areas such as medicine, engineering, manufacturing art and most recently in education. In biomedical, the development of a wide range of biomaterials has catalysed the considerable role of 3D printing (3DP), where it functions as synthetic frameworks in the form of scaffolds, constructs or matrices. The purpose of this paper is to present the state-of-the-art literature coverage of 3DP applications in tissue engineering (such as customized scaffoldings and organs, and regenerative medicine). Design/methodology/approach This review focusses on various 3DP techniques and biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE) applications. The literature reviewed in the manuscript has been collected from various journal search engines including Google Scholar, Research Gate, Academia, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. The keywords that have been selected for the searches were 3 D printing, tissue engineering, scaffoldings, organs, regenerative medicine, biomaterials, standards, applications and future directions. Further, the sub-classifications of the keyword, wherever possible, have been used as sectioned/sub-sectioned in the manuscript. Findings 3DP techniques have many applications in biomedical and TE (B-TE), as covered in the literature. Customized structures for B-TE applications are easy and cost-effective to manufacture through 3DP, whereas on many occasions, conventional technologies generally become incompatible. For this, this new class of manufacturing must be explored to further capabilities for many potential applications. Originality/value This review paper presents a comprehensive study of the various types of 3DP technologies in the light of their possible B-TE application as well as provides a future roadmap.

scholarly journals Role of Yeasts in the Brewing Process: Tradition and Innovation

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 839
Author(s):  
Massimo Iorizzo ◽  
Francesca Coppola ◽  
Francesco Letizia ◽  
Bruno Testa ◽  
Elena Sorrentino
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Brewing Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Yeast ◽  
Saccharomyces Yeasts

Nowadays, in the beer sector, there is a wide range of products, which differ for the technologies adopted, raw materials used, and microorganisms involved in the fermentation processes. The quality of beer is directly related to the fermentation activity of yeasts that, in addition to the production of alcohol, synthesize various compounds that contribute to the definition of the compositional and organoleptic characteristics. The microbrewing phenomenon (craft revolution) and the growing demand for innovative and specialty beers has stimulated researchers and brewers to select new yeast strains possessing particular technological and metabolic characteristics. Up until a few years ago, the selection of starter yeasts used in brewing was exclusively carried out on strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces. However, some non-Saccharomyces yeasts have a specific enzymatic activity that can help to typify the taste and beer aroma. These yeasts, used as a single or mixed starter with Saccharomyces strains, represent a new biotechnological resource to produce beers with particular properties. This review describes the role of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts in brewing, and some future biotechnological perspectives.

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