scholarly journals The Energy Efficiency of Different Hydrogen Storage Techniques

10.5772/9833 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Oluf ◽  
Qingfeng Li ◽  
Niels J.
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen Production via Catalytic Autothermal Reforming of Desulfurized Jet-A Fuel

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuyang Zhang ◽  
Xiaoxin Wang ◽  
Peiwen Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Coke Formation ◽  
Autothermal Reforming ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Fuel Conversion ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Reaction Equilibrium

On-board hydrogen production via catalytic autothermal reforming is beneficial to vehicles using fuel cells because it eliminates the challenges of hydrogen storage. As the primary fuel for both civilian and military air flight application, Jet-A fuel (after desulfurization) was reformed for making hydrogen-rich fuels in this study using an in-house-made Rh/NiO/K-La-Ce-Al-OX ATR catalyst under various operating conditions. Based on the preliminary thermodynamic analysis of reaction equilibrium, important parameters such as ratios of H2O/C and O2/C were selected, in the range of 1.1–2.5 and 0.5–1.0, respectively. The optimal operating conditions were experimentally obtained at the reactor’s temperature of 696.2 °C, which gave H2O/C = 2.5 and O2/C = 0.5, and the obtained fuel conversion percentage, hydrogen yield (can be large than 1 from definition), and energy efficiency were 88.66%, 143.84%, and 64.74%, respectively. In addition, a discussion of the concentration variation of CO and CO2 at different H2O/C, as well as the analysis of fuel conversion profile, leads to the finding of effective approaches for suppression of coke formation.

scholarly journals The energy efficiency of onboard hydrogen storage

2007 ◽  
Vol 446-447 ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Jensen ◽  
A.P. Vestbø ◽  
Q. Li ◽  
N.J. Bjerrum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Hydrogen Storage

Drying and heating of scrap metal at steelmaking: industrial safety, economics, ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 1353-1258
Author(s):  
V. A. Spirin ◽  
V. E. Nikol’skii ◽  
D. V. Vokhmintsev ◽  
A. A. Moiseev ◽  
P. G. Smirnov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Scrap Metal ◽  
Industrial Safety ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Metal Charge ◽  
Basic Task ◽  
Scrap Heating ◽  
Winter Time

At steel production based on scrap metal utilization, the scrap heating before charging into a melting facility is an important way of energy efficiency increase and ecological parameters improving. In winter time scrap metal charging with ice inclusions into a metal melt can result in a considerable damage of equipment and even accidents. Therefore, scrap preliminary drying is necessary to provide industrial safety. It was shown, that in countries with warm and low-snow climate with no risk of scrap metal icing up during its transportation and storing in the open air, the basic task being solved at the scrap drying is an increase of energy efficiency of steelmaking. InRussiathe scrap metal drying first of all provides the safety of the process and next - energy saving. Existing technologies of scrap metal drying and heating considered, as well as advantages and drawbacks of technical solutions used at Russian steel plants. In winter time during scrap metal heating at conveyers (Consteel process) hot gases penetrate not effectively into its mass, the heat is not enough for evaporation of wetness in the metal charge. At scrap heating by the furnace gases, a problem of dioxines emissions elimination arises. Application of shaft heaters results in high efficiency of scrap heating. However, under conditions of Russian winter the upper scrap layers are not always heated higher 0 °С and after getting into a furnace bath the upper scrap layers cause periodical vapor explosions. The shaft heaters create optimal conditions for dioxines formation, which emit into atmosphere. It was shown, that accounting Russian economic and nature conditions, the metal charge drying and heating in modified charging buckets by the heat of burnt natural gas or other additional fuel is optimal. The proposed technical solution enables to burnt off organic impurities ecologically safely, to melt down ice, to evaporate the wetness in the scrap as well as to heat the charge as enough as the charging logistics enables it. The method was implemented at several Russian steel plants. Technical and economical indices of scrap metal drying in buckets under conditions of EAF-based shop, containing two furnaces ДСП-100, presented.

Perspectives and Regulation of the Russian Market for Project-based Transactions under the Kyoto Protocol

2008 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
K. Zavodov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
New Form ◽  
Contract Structure ◽  
Carbon Fund

Project-based transactions (PBTs) are a market mechanism of attracting foreign investments in order to abate greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency of the country’s enterprises. The article provides a classification and analyzes advantages and drawbacks of PBTs from the point of view of a host country. The main trends and factors determining the dynamics of the PBT market are described. Given that Russia currently lags behind the leaders of the PBT market, an incorporation of a state carbon fund is put forward with an aim of channelling PBTs through it. This paper proposes a form of PBT market regulation by incorporating an option mechanism into the contract structure of a transaction. A comparison of the new form of regulation with the tools that are currently in use in Russia and other countries demonstrates its greater economic efficiency under uncertainty.

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