Spread and Control of Prion Diseases in the Food and Feed Chains

Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13020092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Dipendra Kumar Mahato ◽

Sheetal Devi ◽

Shikha Pandhi ◽

Bharti Sharma ◽

Kamlesh Kumar Maurya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Structural Similarity ◽

Fungal Metabolites ◽

Natural Estrogens ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Feed Safety ◽

And Control ◽

Different Sources

Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.

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Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2019.2503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 121-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Tumukunde ◽

G. Ma ◽

D. Li ◽

J. Yuan ◽

L. Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Safety Management ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Detection Methods ◽

The Status ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Considerable Impact ◽

Pollution Detection ◽

The 1960S ◽

And Control

Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.

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Transcriptome-wide assessment of the m6A methylome of intestinal porcine epithelial cells treated with deoxynivalenol

10.21203/rs.3.rs-73169/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhengchang Wu ◽

Chao Xu ◽

Haifei Wang ◽

Song Gao ◽

Shenglong Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Cytotoxic Compound ◽

Wide Range ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Functional Relevance ◽

And Control ◽

Necrosis Factor

Abstract Background: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a cytotoxic compound found in various food and feed products. N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is a highly abundant epitranscriptomic marker that modifies a wide range of mRNA molecules in mammalian cells. However, the role of the m6A methylome in DON-induced damage remains poorly understood.Results: In this study, we assessed the transcriptome-wide m6A profile of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) treated with 1000 ng/mL DON by m6A sequencing and RNA sequencing. Overall, 5406 new m6A peaks appeared with the disappearance of 2615 peaks in DON-treated IPEC-J2 cells. Genes that were uniquely m6A-modified following DON treatment were found to be associated with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway. On comparing DON-treated and control cells, we identified 733 differentially expressed mRNAs bearing hyper- or hypomethylated m6A peaks. Further experimental data suggested that METTL3-dependent m6A methylation might also play a role in DON-induced inflammatory response, and CSF2 marker is key functional relevance in the context of DON-induced toxicity. Conclusions: This is the first study to perform a transcriptome-wide assessment of the m6A methylome of IPEC-J2 cells treated with DON. We believe that our findings should be useful for identifying mechanisms whereby m6A modifications influence the outcomes of DON exposure.

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Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins

Developing animal feed products - Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science ◽

10.19103/as.2020.0083.12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 151-186

Author(s):

Luciano Pinotti ◽

◽

Luca Ferrari ◽

Nicoletta Rovere ◽

Francesca Fumagalli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Crop Losses ◽

Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

Food And Feed ◽

And Control ◽

Feed Samples

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.

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Prions and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl170302004j ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Polona Juntes ◽

Jelka Zabavnik-Piano ◽

Ambrozic Ivan

Keyword(s):

Prion Diseases ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Control Measures ◽

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Long Time ◽

And Control

Background. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are a unique group of neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans, which always have a fatal outcome and are transmissible among animals of the same or different species. Scope and Approach. The aim of this work is to review some recent data about animal TSEs, with the emphasis on their causative agents and zoonotic potential, and to discuss why the surveillance and control measures over animal TSEs should remain in force. Key Findings and Conclusions. We still have incomplete knowledge of prions and prion diseases. Scrapie has been present for a very long time and controlled with varied success. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) emerged unnoticed, and spread within a few years to epidemic proportions, entailing enormous economic consequences and public concerns. Currently, the classical BSE epidemic is under control, but atypical cases do, and probably will, persist in bovine populations. The Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of the cervids has been spreading in North America and has recently been detected in Europe. Preventive measures for the control of classical BSE remain in force, including the feed ban and removal of specified risk materials. However, active BSE surveillance has considerably decreased. In the absence of such preventive and control measures, atypical BSE cases in healthy slaughtered bovines might persist in the human food chain, and BSE prions might resurface. Moreover, other prion strains might emerge and spread undetected if the appropriate preventive and surveillance measures were to cease, leaving behind inestimable consequences.

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New variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) disease and other human prion diseases under epidemiological surveillance in Brazil

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10400003 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 339-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vera Lúcia Gattás ◽

Antonio Silva Lima Neto ◽

George Santiago Dimech ◽

Denise Mancini ◽

Ligia Maria Cantarino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Workers ◽

Prion Diseases ◽

Mandatory Reporting ◽

Control Measures ◽

Care Staff ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Health Care Staff ◽

New Variant ◽

And Control

Abstract To increase the timeliness of detection of human cases of the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and to reduce the risk of transmission, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has established and standardized rules and control measures. These include the definition of criteria for suspect cases, reporting, monitoring, and control measures for illness prevention and transmission. Guidelines to be used by the team of health care staff were published and distributed to health workers. A detailed proposal for a simplified system of surveillance for prion diseases was developed and mandatory reporting introduced. Additional effort is necessary to increase vCJD case detection, thus making it necessary to establish a partnership with health care services for best identification of suspected cases and dissemination of information to all involved in the service dealing with vCJD investigation.

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A Review of Mycotoxin Types, Occurrence, Toxicity, Detection Methods and Control

Biological Sciences - PJSIR ◽

10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.62.3.2019.206.218 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 206-218

Author(s):

Naseem Zahra ◽

Muhammad Khalid Saeed ◽

Asma Sheikh ◽

Imran Kalim ◽

Sajid Rashid Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Storage Fungi ◽

Food And Feed ◽

And Control ◽

Hygienic Conditions

Mycotoxins are health hazardous natural toxin produced by various fungal species due to favourable environmental conditions for fungal growth. These are carcinogenic, hepatotoxic and immuno- suppressive substances usually found in food and feed items. Mycotoxins are broadly divided into two major groups on the basis of mycotoxin producing fungi i.e., those fungi which invade in pre-harvest conditions and those which are produced in post-harvest conditions called storage fungi. The conditions which promote mycotoxin growth are high temperatures, moisture levels, poor hygienic conditions and contamination during storage and transportation. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, citrinin, trichothecene, fumonisins, patulin and zearalenone are prominent mycotoxins in food and feed commodities. This review renders the comprehensive data regarding occurrence of main mycotoxins, their analysis and health hazardous effects on human health alongwith some detoxification protocols.

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A review on biogenic amines in food and feed: toxicological aspects, impact on health and control measures

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18076 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 608 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

V. Feddern ◽

H. Mazzuco ◽

F. N. Fonseca ◽

G. J. M. M. de Lima

Keyword(s):

Biogenic Amines ◽

Meat Products ◽

Control Measures ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Individual Health Status ◽

Food And Feed ◽

High Concentrations ◽

And Control ◽

Meat And Eggs

Biogenic amines (BAs) represent a considerable toxicological risk in some food and feed products. They are formed under unhygienic conditions during storage and processing; therefore, an increase in the concentrations of those metabolites is related to putrefaction. Because BAs are thermostable, they remain in food and feed that have undergone heat treatment. There are several toxicological effects, especially caused by histamine, when high concentrations of BAs are ingested by humans, depending on the food itself and also on individual susceptibility and individual health status. The present paper reviews the main BAs in meat products, their use as spoilage indicators, the risk on human health and also the contamination of by-product meals. Furthermore, we highlight the state of art regarding impact of BAs on poultry, meat and eggs.

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Diseases in insects produced for food and feed

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2014.0022 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 87-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

J. Eilenberg ◽

J.M. Vlak ◽

C. Nielsen-LeRoux ◽

S. Cappellozza ◽

A.B. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Large Scale ◽

Production Systems ◽

Insect Species ◽

Human Food ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Insect Pathogens ◽

And Control ◽

First Time ◽

Selection Of

Increased production of insects on a large scale for food and feed will likely lead to many novel challenges, including problems with diseases. We provide an overview of important groups of insect pathogens, which can cause disease in insects produced for food and feed. Main characteristics of each pathogen group (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes) are described and illustrated, with a selection of examples from the most commonly produced insect species for food and feed. Honeybee and silkworm are mostly produced for other reasons than as human food, yet we can still use them as examples to learn about emergence of new diseases in production insects. Results from a 2014 survey about insect diseases in current insect production systems are presented for the first time. Finally, we give some recommendations for the prevention and control of insect diseases.

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