scholarly journals Mosquito-Borne Diseases, Pesticides Used for Mosquito Control, and Development of Resistance to Insecticides

10.5772/61510 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Cuervo-Parra ◽  
Teresa Romero Cortés ◽  
Mario Ramirez-Lepe
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Development Of Resistance

scholarly journals THE USE OF AGENTS BASED ON THE BACTERIUM BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 893-896
Author(s):  
Svetlana A. Roslavtseva
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Bacillus Sphaericus ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus

Mosquito control is necessary to improve the epidemic and, consequently, the sanitary and hygienic situation in human settlements. At the same time, the safest and more environmentally friendly way of controlling is not the fight against adult mosquitoes, but the treatment of reservoirs with microbiological larvicides based on entomopathogenic, aerobic, spore-forming, saprophytic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (de Barjac) (Bti). A new serotype of the bacterium B. thuringiensis was found in Israel in the Negev desert. This serotype being more active against larvae of blood-sucking and non-blood-sucking mosquitoes and midges than previously known serotypes, was named israelensis. Bti endotoxin is a typical insecticide with intestinal type of action for different mosquito species. For example, Bti H14 is highly insecticidal to the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus at very low concentrations. The parasporal body (endotoxin crystal), a crystalline protein consisted of four main polypeptides and two minor polypeptides, possesses of a larvicidal action. Larvicidal activity is associated with a synergistic effect in a combination of four polypeptides. The possibility of development of resistance to products based on Bti and Bacillus sphaericus in populations of mosquitoes (Culicidae) was investigated. The use of domestic microbiological formulations based on Bti («Baktitsid», «Larviol-pasta», and «Antinat») was shown an eradication the larvae of bloodsucking mosquitoes and midges to be possible and rational, since they are not generated resistant populations of mosquitoes. This is confirmed by more than 30 years of the use of such formulations.

scholarly journals Various Levels of Cross-Resistance toBacillus sphaericus Strains in Culex pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) Colonies Resistant to B. sphaericusStrain 2362

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 5049-5054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Nielsen-LeRoux ◽  
D. Raghunatha Rao ◽  
Jittawadee Rodcharoen Murphy ◽  
Alexandre Carron ◽  
T. R. Mani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Bacillus Sphaericus ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACT We studied the cross-resistance to three highly toxicBacillus sphaericus strains, IAB-59 (serotype H6), IAB-881 (serotype H3), and IAB-872 (serotype H48), of four colonies of theCulex pipiens complex resistant to B. sphaericus 2362 and 1593, both of which are serotype H5a5b strains. Two field-selected highly resistant colonies originating from India (KOCHI, 17,000-fold resistance) and France (SPHAE, 23,000-fold resistance) and a highly resistant laboratory-selected colony from California (GeoR, 36,000-fold resistance) showed strong cross-resistance to strains IAB-881 and IAB-872 but significantly weaker cross-resistance to IAB-59 (3- to 43-fold resistance). In contrast, a laboratory-selected California colony with low-level resistance (JRMM-R, 5-fold resistance) displayed similar levels of resistance (5- to 10-fold) to all of the B. sphaericusstrains tested. Thus, among the mosquitocidal strains of B. sphaericus we identified a strain, IAB-59, which was toxic to several Culex colonies that were highly resistant to commercial strains 2362 and 1593. Our analysis also indicated that strain IAB-59 may possess other larvicidal factors. These results could have important implications for the development of resistance management strategies for area-wide mosquito control programs based on the use of B. sphaericus preparations.

Medically Important Vector Borne Disease Control-Botanical Plant Extract Trials

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Rakhshan .
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
High Level ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens which causes serious human diseases like Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever and Zika virus which constitute a major public health problem globally. Mosquito borne diseases cause high level of economic impact all over the world and result in millions of death every year. They infect around 700,000,000 people annually worldwide and 40,000,000 only in India. The continuous use of synthetic pesticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance, toxic effect on human health, environmental pollution and addition to these, its adverse effects can be observed on non-target organisms. Synthetic chemical pesticides have been proved to be effective, but overall in last 5 decades indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides against vector borne disease control have originated several ecological issues due to their residual accumulation and development of resistance in target vectors and their chronic effects.

Physical Training-Basic Component in the Training of the Future Officers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Fabiana Martinescu-Bădălan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis work is designed to challenge the maintenance of the highest standards of physical training required to perform armed tasks. It is desired to accumulate a development experience that will culminate with the set upof very well-trained leaders. The training of the military is based on physical training. It ensures the possibility and availability of the military to cope with combat missions, obligations in the military environment, ensures the maintenance and development of resistance to intense physical and mental effort, and develops self-confidence and teamwork. The physical training considers the fulfillment of some general objectives and of some specific objectives, absolutely necessary in the conditions of carrying out the combat actions.

Development of Resistance to Root‐Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) 1

Crop Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J. Hunt ◽  
R. N. Peaden ◽  
L. R. Faulkner ◽  
G. D. Griffin ◽  
H. J. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

An Insight into the Current Perspective and Potential Drug Targets for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1105-1129
Author(s):  
Rani Mansuri ◽  
Jagbir Singh ◽  
Anupama Diwan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Metabolism Pathway ◽  
Thiol Metabolism ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Fatal Form ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Health Organization

Leishmaniasis is one of the six entities on the list of most important diseases of the World Health Organization/Tropical Disease Research (WHO/TDR). After Malaria, it is one of the most prevalent and lethal parasitic diseases. VL is the fatal form of this disease, especially if left untreated. The drugs that are currently available for the treatment of VL are expensive, toxic, or no longer effective, especially in endemic regions. Currently, no vaccine has been developed to immunize humans against VL. The major problems with the current drugs are the development of resistance and their adverse effects. Therefore, there is a strong urge to research and design drugs that have better efficacies and low toxicities as compared to current chemotherapeutic drugs. Leishmania has various enzymes involved in its metabolic pathways, which are unique to either the same genus or trypanosomatids, making them a very suitable, attractive and novel target sites for drug development. One of the significant pathways unique to trypanosomatids is the thiol metabolism pathway, which is involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis as well as protection of the parasite in the macrophage from oxidative stress-induced damage. In this review the several pathways, their essential enzymes as well as the proposed changes in the parasites due to drug resistance have been discussed to help to understand the most suitable drug target. The thiol metabolism pathway is discussed in detail, providing evidence of this pathway being the most favorable choice for drug targeting in VL.

Focal Adhesion Kinase in Ovarian Cancer: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Platinum and Taxane-Resistant Tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkene Levy ◽  
Khalid Alhazzani ◽  
Priya Dondapati ◽  
Ali Alaseem ◽  
Khadijah Cheema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Focal Adhesion Kinase ◽  
Focal Adhesion ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Resistant Disease ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Mdr 1

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which is an essential player in regulating cell migration, invasion, adhesion, proliferation, and survival. Its overexpression and activation have been identified in sixty-eight percent of epithelial ovarian cancer patients and this is significantly associated with higher tumor stage, metastasis, and shorter overall survival of these patients. Most recently, a new role has emerged for FAK in promoting resistance to taxane and platinum-based therapy in ovarian and other cancers. The development of resistance is a complex network of molecular processes that make the identification of a targetable biomarker in platinum and taxane-resistant ovarian cancer a major challenge. FAK overexpression upregulates ALDH and XIAP activity in platinum-resistant and increases CD44, YB1, and MDR-1 activity in taxaneresistant tumors. FAK is therefore now emerging as a prognostically significant candidate in this regard, with mounting evidence from recent successes in preclinical and clinical trials using small molecule FAK inhibitors. This review will summarize the significance and function of FAK in ovarian cancer, and its emerging role in chemotherapeutic resistance. We will discuss the current status of FAK inhibitors in ovarian cancers, their therapeutic competencies and limitations, and further propose that the combination of FAK inhibitors with platinum and taxane-based therapies could be an efficacious approach in chemotherapeutic resistant disease.

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