scholarly journals Effect of Vitamins, Amino Acids and Phyto-Active Biomolecules on Aspergillus flavus in Poultry Production

10.5772/58342 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Bolu ◽  
Nusy Elelu ◽  
Risikat N. Ahmed ◽  
Foluke E. Solaojo ◽  
Kafayat F. Daramola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Poultry Production

New Analogues of Aspergillic Acid Derived from Methionine

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Proton Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Media Composition

Aspergillus flavus PRL 932 grown on 2% yeast extract plus 1% methionine produced some compounds which, according to their structures, were probably derived in part or completely from methionine. These included 3-(methylthio)-propionic acid, trans-3-(methylthio)-acrylic acid, and various 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyrazinones (HPY) with 2-(methylthio)-ethyl (MTE) substituents. The latter compounds were identified by proton magnetic resonance and mass spectra as 3,6-di-MTE-HPY, 3-MTE-6-isopropyl-HPY, 3-isobutyl-6-MTE-HPY, 3-MTE-6-isobutyl-HPY, and 3-MTE-6-sec-butyl-HPY.Changes in media composition, including supplementation with either L-leucine, L-isoleucine, or L-valine changed the relative amounts of various HPYs produced. The results indicated that amino acids competed as precursors for the biosynthesis of HPYs and that L-leucine and L-isoleucine were utilized more effectively than was L-methionine.

scholarly journals Grain Chemical Composition as Affected by Genetic Backgrounds and Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus Inoculation in Corn Hybrids

2017 ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Hamed K. Abbas ◽  
H. Arnold Bruns ◽  
Alemu Mengistu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Classes ◽  
Nutritional Advantage ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Relationship

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites commonly found in corn and known to cause health issues to human and animals. Information on the relationship between corn grain inoculated with mycotoxins and grain nutrients (protein, oil, fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids) in corn hybrids, especially stacked-gene hybrids is very limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional advantage of stacked-gene hybrids (Stgene) over non-genetically modified organisms (non-GMO) corn or glyphosate-resistant corn (RR). The experiment was conducted in two locations (clay and sandy soils) in 2011, irrigated, and inoculated with toxigenic Aspergillus flavus using four hybrids of stacked-gene, four of RR, and two non-GMO (conventional). Non-inoculated plots were used as control. The results showed that stacked-gene hybrids had no observable nutritional advantage over RR or non-GMO as all hybrid classes accumulated adequate nutrients in their grains; this effect could be due to adequate concentrations of nutrients in the soil. Higher levels of grain protein, carbohydrates (glucose, reducing sugars, and starch), oleic acid, total amino acids, and some minerals were observed under inoculated conditions in clay and sandy soils indicated a possible osmotic adjustment role of these compounds as stress indicators and osmoprotectants under inoculated conditions. Grain nutrients in clay soil were higher than those in sandy soils; nutrient differences could be due to sandy soil possibly suffering drier conditions, especially inoculated soil, reducing nutrient uptake and nutrients mobility to the grain. This study provides advanced knowledge on the relationship between grain nutrients and mycotoxins in corn hybrids. It is also useful to the corn breeders to understand the responses of grain nutrients to fungal diseases in corn hybrids.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Amino Acids in the Adaptation of Chicks and Market-Age Broilers to Heat Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishwajit S. Chowdhury ◽  
Guofeng Han ◽  
Hatem M. Eltahan ◽  
Shogo Haraguchi ◽  
Elizabeth R. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Air Temperatures

Increased average air temperatures and more frequent and prolonged periods of high ambient temperature (HT) associated with global warming will increasingly affect worldwide poultry production. It is thus important to understand how HT impacts poultry physiology and to identify novel approaches to facilitate improved adaptation and thereby maximize poultry growth, health and welfare. Amino acids play a role in many physiological functions, including stress responses, and their relative demand and metabolism are altered tissue-specifically during exposure to HT. For instance, HT decreases plasma citrulline (Cit) in chicks and leucine (Leu) in the embryonic brain and liver. The physiological significance of these changes in amino acids may involve protection of the body from heat stress. Thus, numerous studies have focused on evaluating the effects of dietary administration of amino acids. It was found that oral l-Cit lowered body temperature and increased thermotolerance in layer chicks. When l-Leu was injected into fertile broiler eggs to examine the cause of reduction of Leu in embryos exposed to HT, in ovo feeding of l-Leu improved thermotolerance in broiler chicks. In ovo injection of l-Leu was also found to inhibit weight loss in market-age broilers exposed to chronic HT, giving rise to the possibility of developing a novel biotechnology aimed at minimizing the economic losses to poultry producers during summer heat stress. These findings and the significance of amino acid metabolism in chicks and market-age broilers under HT are summarized and discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of Manihot esculentum crantz (var. umucass 36)

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-281
Author(s):  
O. O. Adedokun ◽  
G. S. Ojewola ◽  
F. O. Ahamefule ◽  
A. H. Akinmutimi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Cassava Root Meal

Cassava (Manihot esculentum) is one of the most drought tolerant crops, adapted to varying agro-ecological zones and has a high potential for livestock and poultry production in Nigeria. Thus, proximate, macro and micro minerals, anti-nutrients, gross energy and amino acid profile of cassava (Manihot esculentum crantz var. UMUCASS 36) were carried out jusing freshly harvested cassava. The cassava root was washed, peeled and chopped into small pieces. This was oven dried and milled to form cassava root meal (CRM). The harvested leaf and petiole was chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava foliage meal (CFM). The tender, green apical part of the stem was equally harvested, chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava tender stem meal (CTSM) while the cassava composite meal(CCM) was a mixture of the root meal, foliage meal and the tender stem meal at the ratio of 10:4:1 respectively. The proximate, gross energy, macro (Na, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) minerals, anti nutritional factors (hydrocyanic acid, tannin and trypsin inhibitor) and the amino acids were determined in line with the internationally accepted standard. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among various parts of the UMUCASS 36 cassava for all the parameters considered. The crude protein was least in cassava root meal (2.29%) and best in cassava foliage meal (21.79%). CCM had the highest (P<0.05) gross energy of 3.77kcal/g. CFM had the best contents of sodium (0.27%), potassium (0.88%) and phosphorous (0.38%).CRM had the highest value of calcium (0.29%), CTSM (potassium, 0.88%) and CCM (magnesium, 0.34%). In micro mineral contents, significant(P<0.05) differences existed across the parts examined. CFM was superior in both iron and zinc contents while CTSM had best values of copper and manganese. Hydrocyanic acid value ranged from 1.26mg/kg in CFM to 6.57mg/kg in CCM while trypsin inhibitor had highest value of 9.62TIU/mg in CRM and CFM had tannin value to be 0.086% being the highest. All the anti-nutritional factors measured were at tolerable levels to broiler chicken. Percentages of amino acids like arginine, cysteine, histidine, phenylalanine and valine in leaf meal were high with these values 6.46, 3.09, 1.34, 3.14, and 8.27% respectively. The nutritive contents of UMUCASS 36 revealed that the root meal with gross energy of 3.66Kcal/g is a potential energy source and therefore can be used as an energy source in poultry ration. The high content of crude protein and its attendant amino acids in the UMUCASS 36 foliage meal placed it at a better level for consideration as replacement for the expensive soybean.

scholarly journals Gut Health and Immunity in Improving Poultry Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naga Raja Kumari Kallam ◽  
Veerasamy Sejian
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Absorptive Enterocytes

A healthy gastro intestinal system is important for poultry to achieve its maximumproduction potential. This paper aims gut health and immunity to improve production in the poultry sector. Genetics, Nutrition and Bio security ate the factors influences the production. Gut consisting of various pH and micro biota throughout is an advantageous feature to prevent infections. Various components like Goblet cells, paneth cells, endocrine cells and absorptive enterocytes, tight junctions, GALT and Mucus play a major role in gut health. Balanced diet with optimum carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, organic acids and good management practices are important for improving production. Alteration in supplementation essential amino acids, Zn, Vit E, Se … viz. are needed according to changes in environment and production state of the bird to develop good immunity. Stress free environment with fine hormonal balance are imperative for maximum output. Exploration of genes involved in resistant to food borne pathogens and research towards bio markers for gut health is the need of the hour. In can be concluded that good gut health and immunity play a key role in production. These can be achieved y maintaining birds with optimum nutrients and stress free environment.

scholarly journals Activity and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Effect of Indigenously Characterized Probiotic Lactobacilli against Aspergillus flavus—A Common Poultry Feed Contaminant

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimra Azeem ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz ◽  
Aftab Ahmad Anjum ◽  
Shagufta Saeed ◽  
Saba Sana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli

Aflatoxin contamination in human food and animal feed is a threat to public safety. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) can be especially damaging to poultry production and consequently economic development of Pakistan. The present study assessed the in vitro binding of AFB1 by indigenously characterized probiotic lactobacilli. Six isolates (Lactobacillus gallinarum PDP 10, Lactobacillus reuetri FYP 38, Lactobacillus fermentum PDP 24, Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 53, Lactobacillus paracasei PL 120, and Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 149) were tested for activity against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus W-7.1 (AFB1 producer) by well diffusion assay. Only three isolates (PL 53, PL 120, and PL 149) had activity against A. flavus W-7.1. The ameliorative effect of these probiotic isolates on AFB1 production was determined by co-culturing fungus with lactobacilli for 12 days, followed by aflatoxin quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro AFB1 binding capacities of lactobacilli were determined by their incubation with a standard amount of AFB1 in phosphate buffer saline at 37 °C for 2 h. AFB1 binding capacities of isolates ranged from 28–65%. Four isolates (PDP 10, PDP 24, PL 120, and PL 149) also ceased aflatoxin production completely, whereas PL 53 showed 55% reduction in AFB1 production as compared to control. The present study demonstrated Lactobacillus gallinarum PL 149 to be an effective candidate AFB1 binding agent against Aspergillus flavus. These findings further support the binding ability of lactic acid bacteria for dietary contaminants.

scholarly journals Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alagawany ◽  
Shaaban S. Elnesr ◽  
Mayada R. Farag ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Comprehensive Review

scholarly journals Heterologous, Expression, and Characterization of Thermostable Glucoamylase Derived fromAspergillus flavusNSH9 inPichia pastoris

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Muhammad Rezaul Karim ◽  
Ahmad Husaini ◽  
Md. Anowar Hossain ◽  
Ngieng Ngui Sing ◽  
Fazia Mohd Sinang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Positive Effect

A novel thermostable glucoamylase cDNA without starch binding domain (SBD) ofAspergillus flavusNSH9 was successfully identified, isolated, and overexpressed inPichia pastorisGS115. The complete open reading frame of glucoamylase fromAspergillus flavusNSH9 was identified by employing PCR that encodes 493 amino acids lacking in the SBD. The first 17 amino acids were presumed to be a signal peptide. The cDNA was cloned intoPichia pastorisand the highest expression of recombinant glucoamylase (rGA) was observed after 8 days of incubation period with 1% methanol. The molecular weight of the purified rGA was about 78 kDa and exhibited optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 70°C. The enzyme was stable at higher temperature with 50% of residual activity observed after 20 min at 90°C and 100°C. Low concentration of metal (Mg++, Fe++, Zn++, Cu++, and Pb++) had positive effect on rGA activity. This rGA has the potential for use and application in the saccharification steps, due to its thermostability, in the starch processing industries.

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