scholarly journals An Analysis of Physico-Chemical Properties of the Next Generation Biofuels and Their Correlation with the Requirements of Diesel Engine

10.5772/53685 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Malinowski ◽  
Joanna Czarnocka ◽  
Krzysztof Biernat
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Physico Chemical

Chitosan-Nanocellulose Composites for Regenerative Medicine Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (28) ◽  
pp. 4584-4592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avik Khan ◽  
Baobin Wang ◽  
Yonghao Ni
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Attractive Candidate ◽  
Fundamental Understanding

Regenerative medicine represents an emerging multidisciplinary field that brings together engineering methods and complexity of life sciences into a unified fundamental understanding of structure-property relationship in micro/nano environment to develop the next generation of scaffolds and hydrogels to restore or improve tissue functions. Chitosan has several unique physico-chemical properties that make it a highly desirable polysaccharide for various applications such as, biomedical, food, nutraceutical, agriculture, packaging, coating, etc. However, the utilization of chitosan in regenerative medicine is often limited due to its inadequate mechanical, barrier and thermal properties. Cellulosic nanomaterials (CNs), owing to their exceptional mechanical strength, ease of chemical modification, biocompatibility and favorable interaction with chitosan, represent an attractive candidate for the fabrication of chitosan/ CNs scaffolds and hydrogels. The unique mechanical and biological properties of the chitosan/CNs bio-nanocomposite make them a material of choice for the development of next generation bio-scaffolds and hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we have summarized the preparation method, mechanical properties, morphology, cytotoxicity/ biocompatibility of chitosan/CNs nanocomposites for regenerative medicine applications, which comprises tissue engineering and wound dressing applications.

scholarly journals Effects of Injection Pressure on Diesel Engine Particle Physico-Chemical Properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Xu ◽  
Xinling Li ◽  
Chun Guan ◽  
Zhen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Physico Chemical

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dimethyl Carbonate as Alternative Biofuel. Performance and Smoke Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel/Dimethyl Carbonate/Straight Vegetable Oil Triple Blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1749
Author(s):  
Laura Aguado-Deblas ◽  
Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo ◽  
Felipa M. Bautista ◽  
Carlos Luna ◽  
Juan Calero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Straight Vegetable Oil ◽  
Physico Chemical

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an interesting blending component for diesel fuel (D) owing to the high oxygen content (53 wt.%) and the absence of C–C bonds in its structure. Moreover, DMC can be produced from CO2 and methanol, which provides a renewable way to reduce anthropogenic CO2. This research has been addressed to assess the use of DMC as a solvent of sunflower oil (SO) and castor oil (CO), with the purpose of obtaining biofuels that can replace fossil diesel as much as possible. The blending of DMC with straight vegetable oils (SVOs) reduces their high viscosity, allowing their usage as drop-in biofuels without chemical treatments. Based on viscosity requirements of European Standard EN 590, the optimal DMC/SVO double blends have been tested as direct biofuels by themselves or mixed with fossil diesel in D/DMC/SVO triple blends. Relevant physico-chemical properties of fuels have been analyzed. Engine parameters such as power output, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and soot emissions have been studied to determine the effect of new biofuels on efficiency of a diesel engine. An outstanding engine efficiency is shown by the studied D/DMC/SVO triple blends, either with SO or CO as an SVO. The low calorific value of DMC is the main reason for reduction in power and BSFC, as the amount of diesel in the triple blends is reduced. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of these biofuels allows the replacement of up to 40% of fossil diesel, without compromising the power and BSFC of the engine, and accomplishing optimal cold flow properties and a marked drop in exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Study on the Properties of Semi-Synthetic Motor Oil Castrol 10W-40 after Use in a Diesel Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
Taras Chervinskyy ◽  
◽  
Oleg Grynyshyn ◽  
Roman Prokop ◽  
Pavlo Shapoval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Synthetic Motor

The changes in operational and physico-chemical properties of original and used semi-synthetic motor oil Castrol 10W-40 before and after its use in a diesel engine have been investigated. Derivatographic studies were carried out to examine a thermal stability; IR spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of oil aging products. The composition of the inorganic part of the studied semi-synthetic oils was established by X-ray fluorescence analysis.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine Performance, Combustion and Emissions Using a Novel Series of Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP) Biofuels Derived from Microalgae

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad M. Hossain ◽  
Md. Nurun Nabi ◽  
Md. Mostafizur Rahman ◽  
Saiful Bari ◽  
Thuy Chu Van ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Dioctyl Phthalate ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Peak Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Blended Fuels

Physico-chemical properties of microalgae biodiesel depend on the microalgae species and oil extraction method. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is a clear, colourless and viscous liquid as a plasticizer. It is used in the processing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin and polymers. A new potential biofuel, hydrothermally liquefied microalgae bio-oil can contain nearly 11% (by mass) of DOP. This study investigated the feasibility of using up to 20% DOP blended in 80% diesel fuel (v/v) in an existing diesel engine, and assessed the performance and exhaust emissions. Despite reasonable differences in density, viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point, blends of DOP and diesel fuel were found to be entirely miscible and no separation was observed at any stage during prolonged miscibility tests. The engine test study found a slight decrease in peak cylinder pressure, brake, and indicated mean effective pressure, indicated power, brake power, and indicated and brake thermal efficiency with DOP blended fuels, where the specific fuel consumption increased. This is due to the presence of 16.4% oxygen in neat DOP, responsible for the relatively lower heating value, compared to that of diesel. The emission tests revealed a slight increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from DOP blended fuels. However, particulate matter (PM) emissions were lower from DOP blended fuels, although some inconsistency in particle number (PN) was present among different engine loads.

Physico Chemical Analysis of Linseed Oil and its Blends as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engine

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kumar Rai ◽  
Bhupendra Singh Chauhan ◽  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Haeng Muk Cho ◽  
Amrita Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Major Change ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Physico Chemical

To address the twin problems of fast depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation, there is an urgent need to reduce dependence on petroleum derived fuels for better economy and environment. Adaptation of bio-origin alternative fuels can address both these issues. Liquid bio-origin fuels are renewable fuels coming from biological sources and have proved to be a good substitute for petroleum derived oil and environmentally-sustainable solution. To sustain agricultural and agro-engineering needs blends of linseed oil with diesel is a better solution. Present study shows the comparative assessment of physical and chemical analysis of Linseed oil and its blends asa potential fuel for internal combustion diesel engine. To understand diesel engines fuel properties of vegetable oils and comparable physico-chemical properties such as calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density were measured for different fuel blends to predict its suitability as replacement or extender of mineral diesel. The fatty acid composition was measured by using a chromatograph. From the results, it is clear that the physico-chemical properties of linseed oil lies in close resemblance with lower calorific value high viscosity. When blended in the v/v ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% its calorific value decreases with increase of percentage blends, whereas viscosity and density increases with increase of blend ratio. Linseed oil hence can be recommended as a potential fuel for Diesel engine in neat or blended form without any major change in present design, in the hour of energy need.

Decoration of specific sites on freeze-fractured membranes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
H. Gross ◽  
H. Moor
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Of Hydration ◽  
Small Container ◽  
Binding Forces

Fracturing under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, p ≤ 10-9 Torr) produces membrane fracture faces devoid of contamination. Such clean surfaces are a prerequisite foe studies of interactions between condensing molecules is possible and surface forces are unequally distributed, the condensate will accumulate at places with high binding forces; crystallites will arise which may be useful a probes for surface sites with specific physico-chemical properties. Specific “decoration” with crystallites can be achieved nby exposing membrane fracture faces to water vopour. A device was developed which enables the production of pure water vapour and the controlled variation of its partial pressure in an UHV freeze-fracture apparatus (Fig.1a). Under vaccum (≤ 10-3 Torr), small container filled with copper-sulfate-pentahydrate is heated with a heating coil, with the temperature controlled by means of a thermocouple. The water of hydration thereby released enters a storage vessel.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Recombinant Desulphatohirudin

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (03) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Electricwala ◽  
L Irons ◽  
R Wait ◽  
R J G Carr ◽  
R J Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Recombinant Hirudin ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Recombinant Molecule

SummaryPhysico-chemical properties of recombinant desulphatohirudin expressed in yeast (CIBA GEIGY code No. CGP 39393) were reinvestigated. As previously reported for natural hirudin, the recombinant molecule exhibited abnormal behaviour by gel filtration with an apparent molecular weight greater than that based on the primary structure. However, molecular weight estimation by SDS gel electrophoresis, FAB-mass spectrometry and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy were in agreement with the theoretical molecular weight, with little suggestion of dimer or aggregate formation. Circular dichroism studies of the recombinant molecule show similar spectra at different pH values but are markedly different from that reported by Konno et al. (13) for a natural hirudin-variant. Our CD studies indicate the presence of about 60% beta sheet and the absence of alpha helix in the secondary structure of recombinant hirudin, in agreement with the conformation determined by NMR studies (17)

Physico-chemical properties of the rare-earth metals, scandium, and yttrium

1963 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Savitskii ◽  
V.F. Terekhova ◽  
O.P. Naumkin
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Rare Earth
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