scholarly journals Tissue-Based Model of HCV Replication as a Replacement for Animal Models in Drug Testing

10.5772/51217 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Godzik
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Testing

scholarly journals Trends in animal model preference for preclinical drug testing for type-2 diabetes and future directions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Henrique Franco ◽  
Sónia Batista Miranda ◽  
Nora Kovacs ◽  
Attila Nagy ◽  
Folahanmi Tomiwa Akinsolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Antidiabetic Drug ◽  
Animal Models Of Disease ◽  
Drug Classes

AbstractThe importance of selecting accurate animal models of disease has become increasingly salient in recent years. This is particularly important for preclinical tests carried out to predict drug efficacy and safety for humans. We mapped past and current trends in animal model selection for type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) antidiabetic drug research, and evaluate results in light of their implications for translational research.From data gathered from published studies on 41 orally administered antidiabetic drug classes from the ‘MEDLINE Evaluator’ web service, we found animal model choice trends within – and across – drug classes to be substantially similar, with outbred rat strains being more prevalently used, since the 1990s. The observed consistency in choice of animal models in T2DM is advantageous for replicability and comparability of experiments, but prevalence of outbred strains raises a few concerns.In face of current criticism of the translational value of animal tests, predictive validity must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. We address some of the issues pertaining the most popular animal models in antidiabetic drug development and testing, including the lack of information on their predictive validity, and propose a ‘back translation’ approach to estimate it retrospectively.

scholarly journals Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing

Sci ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Eleonore Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
The Future

Animal testing is mandatory in drug testing and is the gold standard for toxicity and efficacy evaluations. This situation is expected to change in the future as the 3Rs principle, which stands for the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animal testing have increased. The need to develop and use alternatives depends on the complexity of the research topic and also on the extent to which the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. The lung morphology and physiology of commonly used animal species differs from that of human lungs, and the realistic inhalation exposure of animals is challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo effects, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at, and permeation through, the respiratory barrier, and pharmacokinetics. This review discusses the limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes in vitro and in silico techniques that could, when used together, reduce or even replace animal testing in inhalation testing in the future.

scholarly journals Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
The Future ◽  
In Silico Models

Testing in animals is mandatory in drug testing and the gold standard for evaluation of toxicity. This situation is expected to change in the future because the 3Rs principle, which stands for replacement, reduction and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animals experiments have increased. The necessity to develop and use of alternatives is influenced by the complexity of the research topic and also by the fact, to which extent the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. Rodent lung morphology and physiology differs markedly for that of humans and inhalation exposure of the animals are challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo action, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at and permeation across the respiratory barrier and pharmacokinetics. Out of the numerous homemade in vitro and in silico models some are available commercially or open access. This review discusses limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes a panel of in vitro and in silico techniques that, in the future, may replace animal experimentation in inhalation testing.

scholarly journals Behavioral Tasks Evaluating Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in Animal Models: A Recent Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jasmin Ang ◽  
Sueun Lee ◽  
Jong-Choon Kim ◽  
Sung-Ho Kim ◽  
Changjong Moon
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Behavioral Tasks

Background: Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects more than 21 million people worldwide. Both genetics and the environment play a role in its etiology and pathogenesis. Symptoms of schizophrenia are mainly categorized into positive, negative, and cognitive. One major approach to identify and understand these diverse symptoms in humans has been to study behavioral phenotypes in a range of animal models of schizophrenia. Objective: We aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the behavioral tasks commonly used for measuring schizophrenia-like behaviors in rodents together with an update of the recent study findings. Methods: Articles describing phenotypes of schizophrenia-like behaviors in various animal models were collected through a literature search in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, with a focus on advances over the last 10 years. Results: Numerous studies have used a range of animal models and behavioral paradigms of schizophrenia to develop antipsychotic drugs for improved therapeutics. In establishing animal models of schizophrenia, the candidate models were evaluated for schizophrenia-like behaviors using several behavioral tasks for positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms designed to verify human symptoms of schizophrenia. Such validated animal models were provided as rapid preclinical avenues for drug testing and mechanistic studies. Conclusion: Based on the most recent advances in the field, it is apparent that a myriad of behavior tests are needed to confirm and evaluate the congruency of animal models with the numerous behaviors and clinical signs exhibited by patients with schizophrenia

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

Inflammational Animal Models for Schizophrenia

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Immunological System

Abstract. Inflammational-immunological processes within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia seem to play an important role. Early signals of neurobiological changes in the embryonal phase of brain in later patients with schizophrenia might lead to activation of the immunological system, for example, of cytokines and microglial cells. Microglia then induces – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells as an overreaction – a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, that is, reduction of the neuropil. Promising inflammational animal models for schizophrenia with high validity can be used today to mimic behavioral as well as neurobiological findings in patients, for example, the well-known neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. Also the microglial activation can be modeled well within one of this models, that is, the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, showing a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then triggers further neurodegeneration, must now be investigated in broader detail. Thus, these animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia better especially concerning the interaction of immune activation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This could also lead to the development of anti-inflammational treatment options and of preventive interventions.

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