scholarly journals Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding for Disease and Pest Resistance

Mutagenesis ◽  
10.5772/50332 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Kozjak ◽  
Vladimir Megli
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Pest Resistance

Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
R. A. C. Jones ◽  
T. J. Ridsdill-Smith ◽  
M. J. Barbetti
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Halotydeus Destructor ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.

USE OF CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETIC MANIPULATION TO IMPROVE PASTURE PLANTS

1988 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
D.W.R. White
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Crown Rust ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pasture Plants

Cell culture and genetic engineering techniques can be used to develop improved pasture plants. To utilise these methods we have developed procedures for regenerating plants from tissue cultures of perennial ryegrass and white clover. In both, the plant genotype influences regeneration capacity. There was significant genetic variation among regenerated perennial ryegrass plants in a wide range of characteristics. Most of the regenerants were resIstant to crown rust and this trait was highly heritable. This rust resistance is being used to breed a new ryegrass cultivar. A system for introducing cloned genes into white clover is described. This capability is bemg used to incorporate genes with the potential to improve nutritional quality and pest resistance. Other possibilities for engineering genetic improvements in white clover, genes conferring herbicide tolerance and resistance to white clover mosaic virus, are briefly outlined. Keywords: Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, cell culture, somaclonal variation, crown rust resistance, transformation, cloned genes, nutritional quality, proteinase inhibitors, Bt toxins, pest resistance, WCMV viral cross-protection, herbicide tolerance, Agrobacterium, Bacillus thuringenisis.

A Problem Based Learning Exercise on Food Security: Understanding the Role of Genomic Variation and Plant Breeding

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolie WAX ◽  
Zhu Zhuo ◽  
Anna Bower ◽  
Jessica Cooper ◽  
Susan Gachara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Genomic Variation

Statistical analysis and molecular markers in plant breeding for heterosis (review)

2014 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Chesnokov ◽  
◽  
N.V. Kocherina ◽  
A.M. Artemyeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Plant Breeding

Directions of production improvement in plant breeding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. Yarygina I.V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Resource Conservation ◽  
Production Improvement ◽  
Technical Innovations

Effective resource conservation can be achieved with the help of information technologies, which in this case should be understood as all those organizational methods and technical innovations that make it possible to track and regulate the use of all resources in an enterprise as accurately as possible.

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