scholarly journals Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Inhibitors from Nature

10.5772/36711 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Badal ◽  
Mario Shields ◽  
Rupika Delgo
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
P450 Enzyme

scholarly journals Unraveling the Metabolic Routes of Retapamulin: Insights into Drug Development of Pleuromutilins

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Sun ◽  
Huiyan Zhang ◽  
Gerard Bryan Gonzales ◽  
Jinhui Zhou ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
P450 Enzyme

ABSTRACT Retapamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, is exclusively used for the topical short-term medication of impetigo and staphylococcal infections. In the present study, we report that retapamulin is adequately and rapidly metabolized in vitro via various metabolic pathways, such as hydroxylation, including mono-, di-, and trihydroxylation, and demethylation. Like tiamulin and valnemulin, the major metabolic routes of retapamulin were hydroxylation at the 2β and 8α positions of the mutilin moiety. Moreover, in vivo metabolism concurred with the results of the in vitro assays. Additionally, we observed significant interspecies differences in the metabolism of retapamulin. Until now, modifying the side chain was the mainstream method for new drug discovery of the pleuromutilins. This approach, however, could not resolve the low bioavailability and short efficacy of the drugs. Considering the rapid metabolism of the pleuromutilins mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, we propose that blocking the active metabolic site (C-2 and C-8 motif) or administering the drug in combination with cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors is a promising pathway in the development of novel pleuromutilin drugs with slow metabolism and long efficacy.

Altered expression profile of mycobacterial surface glycopeptidolipids following treatment with the antifungal azole inhibitors econazole and clotrimazole

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 2087-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Burguière ◽  
Paul G. Hitchen ◽  
Lynn G. Dover ◽  
Anne Dell ◽  
Gurdyal S. Besra
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
P450 Enzyme ◽  
Mycobacterial Growth ◽  
Common Target

The azole antifungal drugs econazole and clotrimazole are known cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors. This study shows that these drugs are potent inhibitors of mycobacterial growth and are more effective against Mycobacterium smegmatis than isoniazid and ethionamide, two established anti-mycobacterial drugs. Several non-tuberculous mycobacteria, including the pathogenic members of the Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex (MAC) and the fast-growing saprophytic organism M. smegmatis, produce an array of serovar-specific (ss) and non-serovar-specific (ns) glycopeptidolipids (GPLs). GPL biosynthesis has been investigated for several years but has still not been fully elucidated. The authors demonstrate here that econazole and clotrimazole inhibit GPL biosynthesis in M. smegmatis. In particular, clotrimazole inhibits all four types of nsGPLs found in M. smegmatis, suggesting an early and common target within their biosynthetic pathway. Altogether, the data suggest that an azole-specific target, most likely a cytochrome P450, may be involved in the hydroxylation of the N-acyl chain in GPL biosynthesis. Azole antifungal drugs and potential derivatives could represent an interesting new range of anti-mycobacterial drugs, especially against opportunistic human pathogens including MAC, M. scrofulaceum, M. peregrinum, M. chelonae and M. abscessus.

The role of cytochrome P450 enzyme genetic variants in cannabis hyperemesis syndrome—A case report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Kuzin ◽  
Franziskos Xepapadakos ◽  
Isabel Scharrer ◽  
Marc Augsburger ◽  
Chin‐Bin Eap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
P450 Enzyme ◽  
Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome

Inter-species comparisons of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme levels in male ruminants

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Machala ◽  
Pavel Soucek ◽  
Jir� Neca ◽  
Robert Ulrich ◽  
Jir� Lamka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
P450 Enzyme ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Hepatic Cytochrome

scholarly journals Glutathione S-Transferases and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Expression in Patients with Intracranial Tumors: Preliminary Report of 55 Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Cahit Kural ◽  
Arzu Kaya Kocdogan ◽  
Gulcin Güler Şimşek ◽  
Serpil Oğuztüzün ◽  
Pınar Kaygın ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
Intracranial Tumors ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Normal Brain Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
P450 Enzyme

Objective: Intracranial tumors are one of the most frightening and difficult-to-treat tumor types. In addition to surgery, protocols such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy also take place in the treatment. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are prominent drug-metabolizing enzymes in the human body. The aim of this study is to show the expression of GSTP1, GSTM1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 in different types of brain tumors and compare our results with those in the literature. Subjects and Methods: The expression of GSTP1, GSTM1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 was analyzed using immunostaining in 55 patients with intracranial tumors in 2016–2017. For GST and CYP expression in normal brain tissue, samples of a portion of surrounding normal brain tissue as well as a matched far neighbor of tumor tissue were used. The demographic features of the patients were documented and the expression results compared. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.72 years; 29 patients were female and 26 were male. Fifty-seven specimens were obtained from 55 patients. Among them, meningioma was diagnosed in 12, metastases in 12, glioblastoma in 9, and pituitary adenoma in 5. The highest GSTP1, GSTM1, and CYP­1A1 expressions were observed in pituitary adenomas. The lowest GSTP1 expression was detected in glioblastomas and the lowest CYP1B1 expression in pituitary adenomas. Conclusion: GSTP1 and CYP expression is increased in intracranial tumors. These results should be confirmed with a larger series and different enzyme subtypes.

Drug Interactions of Macrolides: Emphasis on Dirithromycin

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vish S Watkins ◽  
Ron E Polk ◽  
Jennifer L Stotka
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
P450 Enzyme ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System ◽  
Clinically Significant

Objective To describe the drug interactions of dirithromycin, a new macrolide, and to compare them with those of other macrolides. Data Sources A literature search was performed using MEDLINE to identify articles published between January 1980 and July 1995 concerning the drug interactions of macrolides. Published abstracts were also examined. All studies using dirithromycin were performed under the sponsorship of Eli Lilly and Company. Data Synthesis Erythromycin, the first macrolide discovered, is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. By decreasing their metabolism, erythromycin can interact with other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. The lack of such interactions would be a desirable feature in a newer macrolide. We describe studies performed to detect any interactions of dirithromycin with cyclosporine, theophylline, terfenadine, warfarin, and ethinyl estradiol. The studies showed that dirithromycin, like azithromycin, is much less likely to cause the interactions detected with clarithromycin and erythromycin. A review of the literature showed differences among macrolides in their abilities to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes and, thus, to cause drug–drug interactions. Erythromycin and clarithromycin inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, and have been implicated in clinically significant interactions. Azithromycin and dirithromycin neither inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes nor are implicated in clinically significant drug–drug interactions. Conclusions Dirithromycin, a new macrolide, does not inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. The concomitant use of dirithromycin with cyclosporine, theophylline, terfenadine, warfarin, or ethinyl estradiol was studied in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. In vitro, dirithromycin did not bind cytochrome P450. In healthy subjects, erythromycin increases the clearance of cyclosporine by 51%, whereas dirithromycin causes no significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine. In kidney transplant recipients, administration of dirithromycin was associated with a significant (p < 0.003) decrease of 17.4% in the clearance of cyclosporine. In patients taking low-dose estradiol, the administration of dirithromycin caused a significant (p < 0.03) increase of 9.9% in the clearance of ethinyl estradiol; escape ovulation did not occur. Unlike erythromycin and clarithromycin, dirithromycin had no significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, terfenadine, or warfarin. The alterations typical of drug interactions that are based on inhibition of the cytochrome P450 system occurring with erythromycin and clarithromycin were not observed with dirithromycin.

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