scholarly journals Salivary Glands: A Powerful Experimental System to Study Cell Biology in Live Animals by Intravital Microscopy

10.5772/33524 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sramkova ◽  
Natalie Porat-Shliom ◽  
Andrius Masedunkas ◽  
Timothy Wigand ◽  
Panomwat Amornphimoltham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Experimental System

A vector system for fast-forward studies of the HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) resistosome in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Harant ◽  
Hsuan Pai ◽  
Toshiyuki Sakai ◽  
Sophien Kamoun ◽  
Hiroaki Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Transient Gene Expression ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Vector System ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Functional Studies

Abstract Nicotiana benthamiana has emerged as a complementary experimental system to Arabidopsis thaliana. It enables fast-forward in vivo analyses primarily through transient gene expression and is particularly popular in the study of plant immunity. Recently, our understanding of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) plant immune receptors has greatly advanced following the discovery of the Arabidopsis HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) resistosome. Here, we describe a vector system of 72 plasmids that enables functional studies of the ZAR1 resistosome in N. benthamiana. We showed that ZAR1 stands out among the coiled coil class of NLRs (CC-NLRs) for being highly conserved across distantly related dicot plant species and confirmed NbZAR1 as the N. benthamiana ortholog of Arabidopsis ZAR1. Effector-activated and autoactive NbZAR1 trigger the cell death response in N. benthamiana and this activity is dependent on a functional N-terminal α1 helix. C-terminally tagged NbZAR1 remains functional in N. benthamiana, thus enabling cell biology and biochemical studies in this plant system. We conclude that the NbZAR1 open source pZA plasmid collection forms an additional experimental system to Arabidopsis for in planta resistosome studies.

scholarly journals A novel family of secreted insect proteins linked to plant gall development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Korgaonkar ◽  
Clair Han ◽  
Andrew L. Lemire ◽  
Igor Siwanowicz ◽  
Djawed Bennouna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Gall

AbstractIn an elaborate form of inter-species exploitation, many insects hijack plant development to induce novel plant organs called galls that provide the insect with a source of nutrition and a temporary home. Galls result from dramatic reprogramming of plant cell biology driven by insect molecules, but the roles of specific insect molecules in gall development have not yet been determined. Here we study the aphid Hormaphis cornu, which makes distinctive “cone” galls on leaves of witch hazel Hamamelis virginiana. We found that derived genetic variants in the aphid gene determinant of gall color (dgc) are associated with strong downregulation of dgc transcription in aphid salivary glands, upregulation in galls of seven genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis, and deposition of two red anthocyanins in galls. We hypothesize that aphids inject DGC protein into galls, and that this results in differential expression of a small number of plant genes. Dgc is a member of a large, diverse family of novel predicted secreted proteins characterized by a pair of widely spaced cysteine-tyrosine-cysteine (CYC) residues, which we named BICYCLE proteins. Bicycle genes are most strongly expressed in the salivary glands specifically of galling aphid generations, suggesting that they may regulate many aspects of gall development. Bicycle genes have experienced unusually frequent diversifying selection, consistent with their potential role controlling gall development in a molecular arms race between aphids and their host plants.One Sentence SummaryAphid bicycle genes, which encode diverse secreted proteins, contribute to plant gall development.

scholarly journals FOCUS on Cell Biology of Plant-Virus Interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1367
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Virus Interactions

Viral infection has long been a powerful experimental system for fundamental discoveries in biology, ranging from molecular mechanisms of gene expression at the cellular level to cell-to-cell communication at the organismal level. In early molecular studies on plant viral infection, the central focus was on the identification of viral factors responsible for replication, cell-to-cell and long-distance movement, elicitation of plant defense responses, and induction of symptoms. Findings from these studies laid the foundation for subsequent investigations of the host factors involved in these processes. The research discoveries themselves and the cutting-edge multidisciplinary research tools that were developed have firmly established the cell biology of plant-virus interactions as a vibrant field of current biological research. They have significantly advanced and will continue to have impact on investigations of basic biological principles far beyond virology. This Focus Issue showcases these exciting developments with five invited reviews and nine research papers covering replication, movement, resistance, and inter-viral interaction mechanisms. It is our special privilege and honor to introduce these articles. --Biao Ding and John Carr, Senior Editors

Root hair cell walls: filling in the frameworkThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Galway
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hair Cell ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

Rapid progress is being made in determining the composition, synthesis, and mechanical properties of plant cell walls. Although tip-growing root hairs provide an excellent example of high-speed cell wall assembly, they have been relatively neglected by researchers interested in cell walls and those interested in tip growth. This review aims to present the root hair as an experimental system for future cell wall studies by assembling recent discoveries about the walls onto the existing framework based on older information. Most recent data come from arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh) and model legumes. Evidence supporting the turgor-mediated expansion of hair cell walls is considered, along with a survey of three components needed for cell wall expansion without rupture: cellulose (the role of CesA cellulose synthases is also addressed), Csld3, a cellulose synthase-like protein, and Lrx1, a cell wall protein. Further clues about hair cell wall composition have been obtained from gene expression studies and the use of monoclonal antibodies. Finally, there is a review of the experimental evidence that (i) hairs near the hypocotyl differ developmentally and structurally from other hairs and (ii) biosynthesis of wall components in hairs may differ significantly from the epidermal cells that they grew from. All of these recent advances suggest that root hairs could provide valuable data to augment models of plant cell walls based on more conventional cell types.

Tick salivary glands: function, physiology and future

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (S1) ◽  
pp. S67-S81 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. BOWMAN ◽  
J. R. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Many ◽  
Vector Competency ◽  
Tick Salivary Glands

The salivary glands are the organs of osmoregulation in ticks and, as such, are critical to the biological success of ticks both during the extended period off the host and also during the feeding period on the host. Absorption of water vapour from unsaturated air into hygroscopic fluid produced by the salivary glands permit the tick to remain hydrated and viable during the many months between blood-meals. When feeding, the tick is able to return about 70% of the fluid and ion content of the blood-meal into the host by salivation into the feeding site. This saliva also contains many bioactive protein and lipid components that aid acquisition of the blood-meal. The salivary glands are the site of pathogen development and the saliva the route of transmission. The importance of the multifunctional salivary glands to tick survival and vector competency makes the glands a potential target for intervention. Here we review the cell biology of tick salivary glands and discuss the application of new approaches such as expressed sequence tag projects and RNA interference to this important area in the field of tick and tick-borne pathogen research.

scholarly journals Intravital microscopy: a novel tool to study cell biology in living animals

2010 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Weigert ◽  
Monika Sramkova ◽  
Laura Parente ◽  
Panomwat Amornphimoltham ◽  
Andrius Masedunskas
Keyword(s):  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology

Functional studies of the kidney of living animals using multicolor two-photon microscopy

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. C905-C916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Dunn ◽  
Ruben M. Sandoval ◽  
Katherine J. Kelly ◽  
Pierre C. Dagher ◽  
George A. Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Two Photon Microscopy ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Cell Vitality ◽  
The Way

Optical microscopy, when applied to living animals, provides a powerful means of studying cell biology in the most physiologically relevant setting. The ability of two-photon microscopy to collect optical sections deep into biological tissues has opened up the field of intravital microscopy to high-resolution studies of the brain, lens, skin, and tumors. Here we present examples of the way in which two-photon microscopy can be applied to intravital studies of kidney physiology. Because the kidney is easily externalized without compromising its function, microscopy can be used to evaluate various aspects of renal function in vivo. These include cell vitality and apoptosis, fluid transport, receptor-mediated endocytosis, blood flow, and leukocyte trafficking. Efficient two-photon excitation of multiple fluorophores permits comparison of multiple probes and simultaneous characterization of multiple parameters and yields spectral information that is crucial to the interpretation of images containing uncharacterized autofluorescence. The studies described here demonstrate the way in which two-photon microscopy can provide a level of resolution previously unattainable in intravital microscopy, enabling kinetic analyses and physiological studies of the organs of living animals with subcellular resolution.

scholarly journals A Versatile, Portable Intravital Microscopy Platform for Studying Beta-cell Biology In Vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Reissaus ◽  
Annie R. Piñeros ◽  
Ashley N. Twigg ◽  
Kara S. Orr ◽  
Abass M. Conteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Cell ◽  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology

scholarly journals Foreign Body Response and Intravital Microscopy on AIW in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannen K. Sharpe ◽  
Michelle M. Martinez ◽  
Kenneth W. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Foreign Body Response ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Local Inflammatory Response ◽  
Window System ◽  
Body Response

The foreign body response is the body’s response to the insertion of an object. The foreign body response consists of two components, the innate and adaptive immune response, and lasts for the life of the inserted object.  Accordingly, the foreign body response represents a significant challenge to the development of implanted medical devices.  In addition to triggering the damaging consequences of inflammation, the foreign body response acts to encapsulate and isolate inserted objects, limiting the functional lifetime of medical devices such as glucose monitors.  Accordingly, significant efforts have been devoted to understanding the cell biology of the foreign body response to identify approaches for limiting surface “biofouling”.  We have developed an indwelling window system that support longitudinal intravital microscopy of mice.  In studies of transgenic mice expressing fluorescent immune cells, we found that the window triggers a local inflammatory response.  To explore the utility of this window system as an experimental platform for characterizing the foreign body response, we conducted an intravital microscopy study of 8 mice expressing GFP in myeloid immune cells (Lys-EGFP mice) with surgically implanted abdominal imaging windows.  To identify differences in the responses to different surface chemistries, the windows were either left uncoated or coated with poly-L-lysine or type V mouse collagen prior to insertion. Intravital multiphoton microscopy studies conducted over a period of up to 3 weeks demonstrated that the window instigated a local recruitment of immune cells, followed by vascularization and giant cell formation that varied depending upon window surface treatment.  These studies demonstrate the utility of the abdominal window as a model system for studying the cell biology of the foreign body response and represent the template for subsequent studies designed to compare the foreign body response to different coating materials designed to extend the useful lifetime of implanted devices.

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