scholarly journals Transmission Biology of the Myxozoa

10.5772/29571 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Yokoyama ◽  
Daniel Grabner ◽  
Sho Shirakashi
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Biology

Chaetomium brasiliense. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Transmission Biology

Abstract C. brasiliense is described and illustrated. Information on symptoms of the disease caused by C. brasiliense, host range (mainly horticultural and field crops, trees, wood, man, dung and artefacts), geographical distribution (Democratic Republic of Congo; Ghana; Namibia; Nigeria; Tanzania; Swaziland; Ontario, Canada; California, Kansas, New Mexico and Texas, USA; Pernambuco, Brazil; Ecuador; Bangladesh; India; Japan; Malaysia; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Russia; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Northern Territory, Australia; Great Britain; Kuwait; Spain; Saudi Arabia; and Solomon Islands), transmission, biology and conservation status is presented.

scholarly journals Revisiting gametocyte biology in malaria parasites

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Ngotho ◽  
Alexandra Blancke Soares ◽  
Franziska Hentzschel ◽  
Fiona Achcar ◽  
Lucia Bertuccini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Human Malaria Parasite ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Transmission Biology

ABSTRACT Gametocytes are the only form of the malaria parasite that is transmissible to the mosquito vector. They are present at low levels in blood circulation and significant knowledge gaps exist in their biology. Recent reductions in the global malaria burden have brought the possibility of elimination and eradication, with renewed focus on malaria transmission biology as a basis for interventions. This review discusses recent insights into gametocyte biology in the major human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum and related species.

scholarly journals Transmission Biology of Raspberry latent virus, the First Aphid-Borne Reovirus

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Quito-Avila ◽  
Danielle Lightle ◽  
Jana Lee ◽  
Robert R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Acquisition Period ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Transmission Biology ◽  
Rice Ragged Stunt Virus

Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) is a newly characterized reovirus found in commercial raspberry fields in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Thus far, all members of the plant reoviruses are transmitted in a replicative, persistent manner by several species of leafhoppers or planthoppers. After several failed attempts to transmit RpLV using leafhoppers, the large raspberry aphid, commonly found in the PNW, was tested as a vector of the virus. The virus was transmitted to new, healthy raspberry plants when inoculated with groups of at least 50 viruliferous aphids, suggesting that aphids are vectors of RpLV, albeit inefficient ones. Using absolute and relative quantification methods, it was shown that the virus titer in aphids continued to increase after the acquisition period even when aphids were serially transferred onto fresh, healthy plants on a daily basis. Transmission experiments determined that RpLV has a 6-day latent period in the aphid before it becomes transmissible; however, it was not transmitted transovarially to the next generation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a plant reovirus transmitted by an aphid. Phylogenetic analyses showed that RpLV is related most closely to but distinct from Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), the type member of the genus Oryzavirus. Moreover, the conserved nucleotide termini of the genomic segments of RpLV did not match those of RRSV or other plant reoviruses, allowing us to suggest that RpLV is probably the type member of a new genus in the Reoviridae comprising aphid-transmitted reoviruses.

scholarly journals Identification of Three Novel Plasmodium Factors Involved in Ookinete to Oocyst Developmental Transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiamaka V. Ukegbu ◽  
George K. Christophides ◽  
Dina Vlachou
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Targeted Disruption ◽  
Transmission Blocking ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Transmission Biology

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The numbers of new malaria cases and deaths have been stable in the last years despite intense efforts for disease elimination, highlighting the need for new approaches to stop disease transmission. Further understanding of the parasite transmission biology could provide a framework for the development of such approaches. We phenotypically and functionally characterized three novel genes, PIMMS01, PIMMS57, and PIMMS22, using targeted disruption of their orthologs in the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei. PIMMS01 and PIMMS57 are specifically and highly expressed in ookinetes, while PIMMS22 transcription starts already in gametocytes and peaks in sporozoites. All three genes show strong phenotypes associated with the ookinete to oocyst transition, as their disruption leads to very low numbers of oocysts and complete abolishment of transmission. PIMMS22 has a secondary essential function in the oocyst. Our results enrich the molecular understanding of the parasite-vector interactions and identify PIMMS01, PIMMS57, and PIMMS22 as new targets of transmission blocking interventions.

Molecular tools for studies on the transmission biology ofEchinococcus multilocularis

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (S1) ◽  
pp. S53-S61 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. DEPLAZES ◽  
A. DINKEL ◽  
A. MATHIS
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Liver Lesions ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Transmission Biology

Two novel approaches for diagnosis of intestinalEchinococcus multilocularisinfection, the detection ofE. multilocularis-specific coproantigens in ELISA and of copro-DNA by PCR, have been successfully implemented. These methods have proven their value for thepost mortemand theintra vitamdiagnosis ofE. multilocularisin definitive hosts. They have also made novel approaches possible to study the transmission biology of the parasite as they allow detection of the infection in faecal samples collected in the environment. Coproantigen detection is the diagnostic method of choice as it is sensitive, fast and cheap. Studies on faecal samples collected in the field revealed that coproantigen detection did reflect the different prevalences in fox populations as assessed from foxes at necropsy and also the effect of deworming efforts in foxes as achieved by long-term distribution of praziquantel-containing baits. The use of PCR for routine diagnostic or large-scale purposes is hampered by the fact that DNA extraction from faecal material is a very laborious task. Therefore, PCR is rationally used for confirmatory purposes of copro-antigen-positive samples. As taeniid eggs cannot further be differentiated morphologically, PCR is the method of choice to identifyE. multilocularisinfections in faecal or environmental samples containing taeniid eggs. In intermediate rodent hosts, PCR is routinely used in epidemiological studies for identifyingE. multilocularisfrom liver lesions which are often very small, atypical or calcified.

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