scholarly journals Variability, Noise and Predictability in Motor Response Times: Adaptation or Misadaptation?

10.5772/28166 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tymothe Poitou ◽  
Pierre Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Times

Preferred Tempo in Performance of Repetitive Movements

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Smoll
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Repetitive Movements

Within- and between- S variability in performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. Male and female Ss ( Ns = 75) performed 36 consecutive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo. Differences between Ss' selected tempos of performance were considerably greater than the amount of variation in Ss' motor response times, indicating that individuals have preferred tempos of voluntary movement which differ from those of other individuals. No sex differences were evidenced in either preferred tempo or consistency of performance.

Effects of Monocular Occlusion on Neural and Motor Response Times for Two-Dimensional Stimuli

1990 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM WOODMAN ◽  
MICHAEL YOUNG ◽  
KYLE KELLY ◽  
JAMES SIMOENS ◽  
ROBERT L. YOLTON
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Two Dimensional

scholarly journals Thinking Outside the Button Box: EMG as a Computer Input Device for Psychological Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Elizabeth Crawford ◽  
Dylan T. Vavra ◽  
Jonathan C. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Input Device ◽  
Facial Mimicry ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Computer Input

Experimental psychology research commonly has participants respond to stimuli by pressing buttons or keys. Standard computer input devices constrain the range of motoric responses participants can make, even as the field advances theory about the importance of the motor system in cognitive and social information processing. Here we describe an inexpensive way to use an electromyographic (EMG) signal as a computer input device, enabling participants to control a computer by contracting muscles that are not usually used for that purpose, but which may be theoretically relevant. We tested this approach in a study of facial mimicry, a well-documented phenomenon in which viewing emotional faces elicits automatic activation of corresponding muscles in the face of the viewer. Participants viewed happy and angry faces and were instructed to indicate the emotion on each face as quickly as possible by either furrowing their brow or contracting their cheek. The mapping of motor response to judgment was counterbalanced, so that one block of trials required a congruent mapping (contract brow to respond “angry,” cheek to respond “happy”) and the other block required an incongruent mapping (brow for “happy,” cheek for “angry”). EMG sensors placed over the left corrugator supercilii muscle and left zygomaticus major muscle fed readings of muscle activation to a microcontroller, which sent a response to a computer when activation reached a pre-determined threshold. Response times were faster when the motor-response mapping was congruent than when it was incongruent, extending prior studies on facial mimicry. We discuss further applications of the method for research that seeks to expand the range of human-computer interaction beyond the button box.

scholarly journals Robust valence-induced biases on motor response and confidence in human reinforcement learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1184-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Chung Ting ◽  
Stefano Palminteri ◽  
Jan B. Engelmann ◽  
Maël Lebreton
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Choice Reaction Times

AbstractIn simple instrumental-learning tasks, humans learn to seek gains and to avoid losses equally well. Yet, two effects of valence are observed. First, decisions in loss-contexts are slower. Second, loss contexts decrease individuals’ confidence in their choices. Whether these two effects are two manifestations of a single mechanism or whether they can be partially dissociated is unknown. Across six experiments, we attempted to disrupt the valence-induced motor bias effects by manipulating the mapping between decisions and actions and imposing constraints on response times (RTs). Our goal was to assess the presence of the valence-induced confidence bias in the absence of the RT bias. We observed both motor and confidence biases despite our disruption attempts, establishing that the effects of valence on motor and metacognitive responses are very robust and replicable. Nonetheless, within- and between-individual inferences reveal that the confidence bias resists the disruption of the RT bias. Therefore, although concomitant in most cases, valence-induced motor and confidence biases seem to be partly dissociable. These results highlight new important mechanistic constraints that should be incorporated in learning models to jointly explain choice, reaction times and confidence.

scholarly journals Understanding the influence of a cognitively demanding task on motor response times and subjective mental fatigue/boredom

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
Chris Thompson ◽  
Job Fransen ◽  
Adam Beavan ◽  
Sabrina Skorski ◽  
Aaron Coutts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: Several methods are used to induce mental fatigue; predominantly the modified Stroop task, which arguably has little relation to daily lifestyle tasks. AIM: To investigate the influence of the modified Stroop task on mental fatigue, boredom and motor response times. METHOD: 15 subjects (24.3±2.3 years) completed a 30-min modified Stroop task (control condition: 30-min reading) and completed PRE, POST and POST 5-min subjective ratings of mental fatigue, mental effort and boredom. Participants' ability to use congruent and inhibit incongruent precues in a choice reaction time task (CRTT) was measured pre- and post- Stroop and control. RESULTS: Significantly higher subjective ratings of pre-post condition mental fatigue (pre:2.43±1.31 AU, post: 6.42±2.08 AU,p<0.01) and boredom (PRE: 1.65±1.49 AU, POST: 5.03±2.92 AU,p<0.01) were reported following the modified Stroop task condition compared to the control condition mental fatigue (PRE: 1.62±1.17 AU, POST: 2.10±0.92 AU,p>0.05) and boredom (PRE: 1.94±1.52 AU, POST: 3.32 ± 1.66 AU,p>0.05). No significant differences were found between conditions for the extent to which participants’ response times were affected by congruent (p=0.481) or incongruent (p=0.225) precues. CONCLUSION: Future research must adopt cognitive activities with higher contextual interference for greater ecological validity, and elucidate the impact of rest on recovery from mental fatigue.

Between-Days Consistency in Personal Tempo

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Smoll
Keyword(s):  
Motor Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Repetitive Movements

Between-days performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. 60 Ss performed an accuracy task involving successive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo on each of 2 consecutive days. Between-days correlations for Ss' selected tempos of performance and for within- S variance in motor response times indicated that personal tempo is at least a moderately stable attribute.

Nanostructure of semiconductor quantum dots in a borosilicate glass matrix by complementary use of HREM and AEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-729
Author(s):  
M.J. Kim ◽  
L.C. Liu ◽  
S.H. Risbud ◽  
R.W. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Electron Hole ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

When the size of a semiconductor is reduced by an appropriate materials processing technique to a dimension less than about twice the radius of an exciton in the bulk crystal, the band like structure of the semiconductor gives way to discrete molecular orbital electronic states. Clusters of semiconductors in a size regime lower than 2R {where R is the exciton Bohr radius; e.g. 3 nm for CdS and 7.3 nm for CdTe) are called Quantum Dots (QD) because they confine optically excited electron- hole pairs (excitons) in all three spatial dimensions. Structures based on QD are of great interest because of fast response times and non-linearity in optical switching applications.In this paper we report the first HREM analysis of the size and structure of CdTe and CdS QD formed by precipitation from a modified borosilicate glass matrix. The glass melts were quenched by pouring on brass plates, and then annealed to relieve internal stresses. QD precipitate particles were formed during subsequent "striking" heat treatments above the glass crystallization temperature, which was determined by differential thermal analysis.

Compact and efficient gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes for microfuel cells and gas sensors

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda V. Fernandez ◽  
Rocío T. Tosello ◽  
José L. Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Hydrogen Oxidation ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Gas Diffusion Electrodes ◽  
Nanoporous Alumina ◽  
Alumina Membranes ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Microfuel Cells

Gas diffusion electrodes based on nanoporous alumina membranes electrocatalyze hydrogen oxidation at high diffusion-limiting current densities with fast response times.

The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1505
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Compression ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Minimal Word ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Negative Side Effects

PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

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