scholarly journals Activated Sugar Precursors: Biosynthetic Pathways and Biological Roles of an Important Class of Intermediate Metabolites in Bacteria

10.5772/19649 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia A. ◽  
Joana R. ◽  
Jorge H.
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites

scholarly journals Biosynthetic Pathways of Inositol and Glycerol Phosphodiesters Used by the Hyperthermophile Archaeoglobus fulgidus in Stress Adaptation

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (23) ◽  
pp. 8128-8135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Borges ◽  
Luís G. Gonçalves ◽  
Marta V. Rodrigues ◽  
Filipa Siopa ◽  
Rita Ventura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Archaeoglobus Fulgidus ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Inositol 1 ◽  
Resonance Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites

ABSTRACT Archaeoglobus fulgidus accumulates di-myo-inositol phosphate (DIP) and diglycerol phosphate (DGP) in response to heat and osmotic stresses, respectively, and the level of glycero-phospho-myo-inositol (GPI) increases primarily when the two stresses are combined. In this work, the pathways for the biosynthesis of these three compatible solutes were established based on the detection of the relevant enzymatic activities and characterization of the intermediate metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The synthesis of DIP proceeds from glucose-6-phosphate via four steps: (i) glucose-6-phosphate was converted into l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate by l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase; (ii) l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate was activated to CDP-inositol at the expense of CTP; this is the first demonstration of CDP-inositol synthesis in a biological system; (iii) CDP-inositol was coupled with l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate to yield a phosphorylated intermediate, 1,1′-di-myo-inosityl phosphate 3-phosphate (DIPP); (iv) finally, DIPP was dephosphorylated into DIP by the action of a phosphatase. The synthesis of the two other polyol-phosphodiesters, DGP and GPI, proceeds via the condensation of CDP-glycerol with the respective phosphorylated polyol, glycerol 3-phosphate for DGP and l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate for GPI, yielding the respective phosphorylated intermediates, 1X,1′X-diglyceryl phosphate 3-phosphate (DGPP) and 1-(1X-glyceryl) myo-inosityl phosphate 3-phosphate (GPIP), which are subsequently dephosphorylated to form the final products. The results disclosed here represent an important step toward the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the differential accumulation of these compounds in response to heat and osmotic stresses.

Strategies for the Biosynthesis of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals in Microbes from Renewable Feedstock

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (28) ◽  
pp. 4613-4621
Author(s):  
Congqiang Zhang ◽  
Heng-Phon Too
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Renewable Feedstock ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites ◽  
Pathway Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Carbon

Backgrounds: Abundant and renewable biomaterials serve as ideal substrates for the sustainable production of various chemicals, including natural products (e.g., pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals). For decades, researchers have been focusing on how to engineer microorganisms and developing effective fermentation processes to overproduce these molecules from biomaterials. Despite many laboratory achievements, it remains a challenge to transform some of these into successful industrial applications. Results: Here, we review recent progress in strategies and applications in metabolic engineering for the production of natural products. Modular engineering methods, such as a multidimensional heuristic process markedly improve efficiencies in the optimization of long and complex biosynthetic pathways. Dynamic pathway regulation realizes autonomous adjustment and can redirect metabolic carbon fluxes to avoid the accumulation of toxic intermediate metabolites. Microbial co-cultivation bolsters the identification and overproduction of natural products by introducing competition or cooperation of different species. Efflux engineering is applied to reduce product toxicity or to overcome storage limitation and thus improves product titers and productivities. Conclusion: Without dispute, many of the innovative methods and strategies developed are gradually catalyzing this transformation from the laboratory into the industry in the biosynthesis of natural products. Sometimes, it is necessary to combine two or more strategies to acquire additive or synergistic benefits. As such, we foresee a bright future of the biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals in microbes from renewable biomaterials.

Gold liposomes

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 898-899
Author(s):  
James F. Hainfeld
Keyword(s):  
Direct Methods ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Lipid Structures

Lipids are an important class of molecules, being found in membranes, HDL, LDL, and other natural structures, serving essential roles in structure and with varied functions such as compartmentalization and transport. Synthetic liposomes are also widely used as delivery and release vehicles for drugs, cosmetics, and other chemicals; soap is made from lipids. Lipids may form bilayer or multilammellar vesicles, micelles, sheets, tubes, and other structures. Lipid molecules may be linked to proteins, carbohydrates, or other moieties. EM study of this essential ingredient of life has lagged, due to lack of direct methods to visualize lipids without extensive alteration. OsO4 reacts with double bonds in membrane phospholipids, forming crossbridges. This has been the method of choice to both fix and stain membranes, thus far. An earlier work described the use of tungstate clusters (W11) attached to lipid moieties to form lipid structures and lipid probes.

Discovery of fatty acid synthase inhibitors and their biosynthetic pathways by a novel target-directed genome mining strategy

Planta Medica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Li ◽  
X Tang ◽  
JJ Zhang ◽  
EC O'Neill ◽  
SM Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Genome Mining ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Novel Target

Flavonoids and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 7048-7058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Russo ◽  
Giulia Prinzi ◽  
Palma Lamonaca ◽  
Vittorio Cardaci ◽  
Massimo Fini
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Risk Prevention ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Convincing Data

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CV) Often Coexist. COPD and CVD are complex diseases characterized by a strict interaction between environment and genetic. The mechanisms linking these two diseases are complex, multifactorial and not entirely understood, influencing the therapeutic approach. COPD is characterized by several comorbidities, it hypothesized the treatment of cardiovascular co-morbidities that may reduce morbidity and mortality. Flavonoids are an important class of plant low molecular weight Secondary Metabolites (SMs). Convincing data from laboratory, epidemiological, and human clinical studies point the important effects on CVD risk prevention. Objective: This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the ability of Flavonoids to reduce the CVD risk. Conclusion: Current studies support the potential of Flavonoids to prevent the risk of CVD. Well-designed clinical studies are suggested to evaluate advantages and limits of Flavonoids for managing CVD comorbidity in COPD.

Novel GABAA Agonist Entities: Pharmacological Investigation and Molecular Modeling Study of Thiazolo- and Thiadiazolo-[3,2-a][1,3] diazepine Analogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein I. El-Subbagh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Pharmacological Investigation ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Short Acting ◽  
New Drug Development

Abstract:: Thiazolo- and thiadiazolo-[3,2-a][1,3]diazepines and their patented derivatives, tested with diverse CNS pharmacological activities, constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development. Therefore, research efforts were continued to design, synthesize, and evaluate compounds for their ultra-short, short-acting hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and neuromuscular blocking activities. The present review provides a summary of the work accomplished by these heterocycles and their biological evaluation.

Synthesis and Biological Properties of some New Lead Sulphonamide and Carboxamide Scaffolds Bearing Coumarin Moiety (Mini Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosmas Chinweike Eze ◽  
Mercy Amarachukwu Ezeokonkwo ◽  
Benjamin Ebere Ezema ◽  
Abraham Efeturi Onoabedje ◽  
David Izuchukwu Ugwu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Amide Group ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Therapeutic Activities

: Coumarin, sulphonamide and amide scaffolds exhibit diverse pharmacological features and constitute an important class of therapeutic agents. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis, biological properties, and SAR of coumarins containing sulphonamide or amide group in the last seven years. Many reviews on the therapeutic activities of coumarins, sulphonamides, and amides have been published, hence the authors focused on coumarin-linked sulphonamide or amide scaffolds. The review provides information on the synthetic route to new coumarins containing sulphonamide or amide groups with improved pharmacological properties.

An Overview on Steroids and Microwave Energy in Multi-Component Reactions towards the Synthesis of Novel Hybrid Molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 594-609
Author(s):  
Preetismita Borah ◽  
Vhatkar Dattatraya Shivling ◽  
Bimal Krishna Banik ◽  
Biswa Mohan Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Hybrid Molecules ◽  
Time Required

In recent years, hybrid systems are gaining considerable attention owing to their various biological applications in drug development. Generally, hybrid molecules are constructed from different molecular entities to generate a new functional molecule with improved biological activities. There already exist a large number of naturally occurring hybrid molecules based on both non-steroid and steroid frameworks synthesized by nature through mixed biosynthetic pathways such as, a) integration of the different biosynthetic pathways or b) Carbon- Carbon bond formation between different components derived through different biosynthetic pathways. Multicomponent reactions are a great way to generate efficient libraries of hybrid compounds with high diversity. Throughout the scientific history, the most common factors developing technologies are less energy consumption and avoiding the use of hazardous reagents. In this case, microwave energy plays a vital role in chemical transformations since it involves two very essential criteria of synthesis, minimizing energy consumption required for heating and time required for the reaction. This review summarizes the use of microwave energy in the synthesis of steroidal and non-steroidal hybrid molecules and the use of multicomponent reactions.

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