scholarly journals Imaging of Radiation Accidents and Radioactive Contamination Using Scintillators

10.5772/17270 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoya Ogawa ◽  
Nobuhiko Sarukura ◽  
Masahito Watanabe ◽  
Tsuguo Fukuda ◽  
Nobuhito Nango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Radiation Accidents

Decontamination of Victims in the Event of a Radiation Accident at the Stages of Provision Medical Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
G. Frolov ◽  
Yu. Salenko ◽  
M. Grachev ◽  
I. Galstyan ◽  
V. Klochkov
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Evacuation ◽  
Radiation Accidents ◽  
Radioactive Substances ◽  
Radionuclide Composition ◽  
Skin Decontamination

Purpose: To summarize and analyze the results of research and practical recommendations on the decontamination of victims in the event of radiation accidents, including taking into account the authors’ experience gained in the initial period of the Chernobyl accident (April – August 1986) and in other local radiation accidents (incidents), as well as during emergency exercises. Results: The indications for carrying out decontamination and the technique of its implementation were considered, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of skin decontamination agents was presented. Recommendations were formulated for determining the priority (urgency) of carrying out decontamination, depending on the level of external radioactive contamination of the victims. Criteria, rules and methods for carrying out decontamination were proposed for use in relation to the practice of medical and hygienic measures at the stages of medical evacuation (accident site, enterprise health center, enterprise sanitary inspection department, triage site, hospital admission department). The features of decontamination of victims with combined radiation injuries and contaminated wounds (burns) were considered, issues of ensuring the radiation safety of medical personnel who provide assistance to victims are touched upon. Conclusion: Timely and correctly performed decontamination reduces the exposure of the skin, prevents the entry of radioactive substances into the body and the transfer (spread) of radioactive substances to the subsequent stages of medical evacuation. The main criteria for the urgency (priority) of carrying out decontamination are the levels of radioactive contamination of the skin, contamination nature (radionuclide composition, physicochemical form, etc.) and the presence of victim’s skin lesions (wounds, burns). Decontamination of victims with high levels of radioactive contamination should be considered as a part of the first and subsequent emergency health care and should be carried out as prescribed or with the direct participation of a healthcare professional. At the stages of medical evacuation, decontamination can be carried out if the victim’s condition is stabilized. In the case of a serious condition of the victim, the priority is evacuation to a hospital, while in the prehospital period, as a rule, only partial decontamination of skin areas with high levels of contamination can be carried out. The procedure and rules for decontamination, including the use of skin decontaminating agents, should be reflected in the action plans of the personnel of radiation hazardous enterprises and the plans for medical support of medical units of the FMBA of Russia.

About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message II. The Principled Approach

2017 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
А. Скоробогатов ◽  
A. Skorobogatov ◽  
М. Герменчук ◽  
M. Germenchuk ◽  
А. Симонов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Water Body ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Plot ◽  
Radiation Accidents ◽  
Intervention Level ◽  
Accounting Unit ◽  
Formal Procedure ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
State Water

Purpose: Development of methods of establishing the borders of radioactive contamination caused by major radiation accidents. Material and Methods: Approaches for establishing Radioactive Contamination Zones (RCZ) and defining their borders are proposed based on the notion of a ‘RCZ’s accounting unit’. An area representing a generalized land plot, settlement, forestry and/or water body (i.e. minimum registration units of: the State Cadastre, the Administrative-Territorial Classifiers, the State Forest Registry, and the State Water Register) is proposed to be taken as the RCZ’s accounting unit. Results: The basic formal procedure provides for identification of the RCZ status for each contaminated area based on the condition of intervention level (criterion) excess by the relevant radiation-situation index. When developing a regulatory document on RCZ establishment, a list of land plots and settlements is drawn up with indication of the RCZ status (rank), the plot’s category and its unique number. Using information about the plot borders, a list of coordinates of characteristic points located at RCZ borders ranked by the RCZ status is made. Such a list may constitute an integral part of the relevant regulatory-and-legal document that establishes RCZ borders. Conclusions: Taking of a land plot, settlement, forestry or water body as the ‘RCZ’s accounting unit’ enables RCZ’s establishment and determination of their borders using simple formal procedures and a specified number of indices. The RCZs can be presented as cumulative lists of cadastral plots and settlements, whereas their boundaries via the relevant descriptions of boundaries of the plots having different RCZ status.

scholarly journals NPP Physical Protection and Information Security as Necessary Conditions for Reducing Nuclear and Radiation Accident Risks

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
O. Pogosov ◽  
O. Derevianko
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Radiation Accident ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Radiation Accidents ◽  
Protection Systems

The paper focuses on the fact that nuclear failures and incidents can lead to radioactive contamination of NPP premises. Nuclear and radiation hazard may be caused by malefactors in technological processes when applying computers or inadequate control in case of insufficient level of information security. The researchers performed analysis of factors for reducing risks of nuclear and radiation accidents at NPPs considering specific conditions related to information security of NPP physical protection systems. The paper considers connection of heterogeneous factors that may increase the risk of NPP accidents, possibilities and ways to improve adequate modelling of security of information with limited access directly related to the functioning of automated set of engineering and technical means for NPP physical protection. Within the overall Hutchinson formalization, it is proposed to include additional functional dependencies on indicators specific for NPPs into analysis algorithms.

About Defining the Borders of Radioactive Contamination Zones as a Result of Large Radiation Accidents. Message I. Post-Accident Analysis of Chernobyl Zoning Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
А. Скоробогатов ◽  
A. Skorobogatov ◽  
М. Герменчук ◽  
M. Germenchuk ◽  
А. Симонов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Radiation Monitoring ◽  
Accident Analysis ◽  
Radiation Accidents ◽  
Chernobyl Npp ◽  
The Russian Federation

Purpose: Retrospective analysis of the process of defining the zones of radioactive contamination zones formed after the Chernobyl accident. Results: Summary of events related to liquidation of the Chernobyl NPP (ChNPP) accident consequences is given in the context of defining the radioactive contamination zones. Experience of zoning of the territories exposed to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl NPP accident during 1986–2015 in Belarus and the Russian Federation has revealed the following: - Zones of radioactive contamination as a result of the ChNPP accident have been finally defined by the regulatory-legal acts only by 1991 – in five years after the Chernobyl accident; - At present, the zones of radioactive contamination zones legally correspond to the borders of settlements that were given a certain status of the radioactively contaminated territory. This leads, in particular, to paradoxical "automatic" reduction of radioactive contamination zonesareas due to abolition of settlements with no inhabitants. Absence of the established borders of radioactive contamination zones creates difficulties in substantiation of the measures related to radiation monitoring, rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated areas and their return to economic circulation. Conclusions: Experience of eliminating mitigation of the Chernobyl NPP accident consequences shows that the absence of modern and scientifically justified procedures of defining the borders of radioactive contamination zones results not only in an inadequate assessment of the scales of consequences, but also does not allow effective differentiating the inventory and scale of necessary measures on population protection.

Two dimensional imaging of radiation accidents and radioactive contamination

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 753-755
Author(s):  
Tomoya Ogawa ◽  
Nobuhiko Sarukura ◽  
Masahito Watanabe ◽  
Tsuguo Fukuda ◽  
Nobuhito Nango
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Radiation Accidents

Transformation of evaluation criteria of lands withdrawn from agricultural turnover due to radioactive contamination

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Olga Merzlova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Contaminated Land ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Land Clearance

One of the measures to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident was the exclusion of highly contaminated land from agricultural use. Due to the positive dynamics of the radiation situation, the issue of land return becomes relevant. However, in the period of exclusion of these lands the land clearance degradation processes were developing. The second part of the article is devoted to the issue of economic evaluation of the expediency of land return and the mutual coordination of the results of separate stages of complex ecological and economic evaluation. The research was carried out in Mogilev branch Institute of radiology (Republic of Belarus).

Transformation of assessment criteria for lands withdrawn from agricultural use due to radioactive contamination

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Olga Merzlova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Contaminated Land ◽  
Criteria And Indicators ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Natural Decay

One of the measures to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident was the exclusion of highly contaminated land from agricultural use. During the natural decay of radionuclides there is a decrease in the activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in the soil. The issue of land return becomes relevant. The article describes the main stages of formation of the system of criteria and indicators of ecological and economic evaluation of the expediency of land return. The first part of the article is devoted to the issue of radiological evalation.

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