Chemical Control of Spiders and Scorpions in Urban Areas

Changes in Synapsin Levels in the Millipede Gymnostreptus olivaceus Schubart, 1944 Exposed to Different Concentrations of Deltamethrin

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927615015627 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 48-54

Author(s):

Annelise Francisco ◽

Pablo H. Nunes ◽

Roberta C. F. Nocelli ◽

Carmem S. Fontanetti

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Soil Organisms ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Population Outbreaks ◽

Neurotoxic Effects ◽

The Brain

AbstractMillipedes are ecologically important soil organisms and may also be an economically threatening species in rural and urban areas when population outbreaks occur. In order to control infestations commercial formulations of deltamethrin have been commonly applied, even though there are few studies about the effects of such insecticide on millipedes. This paper describes the effects of this insecticide on millipedes showing neurotoxic effects assessed by synapsin labeling and confocal microscopy. Deltamethrin concentrations related to the DL50 of the active ingredient and a field concentration were applied topically in the diplopod Gymnostreptus olivaceus to evaluate the behavior, mortality rate, and synapsin levels in the brain 12, 24, and 48h after contact with deltamethin. The insecticide caused mortality at the higher concentrations employed, in which no change was observed in neurotransmission in the survivors. In contrast, at field concentrations, deltamethrin did not cause any deaths, but triggered significant changes in synapsin levels. The results obtained form the synapsin labeling provide several interpretations suggesting that the isolated application of this tool must be associated with additional tools in order to evaluate biologically induced effects of deltamethrin in an accurate way. In addition, the feasibility of chemical control of millipedes with deltamethrin is questioned.

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Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

Child Care Health and Development ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2214.1996.787787.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 167-174

Author(s):

J A Cantrill ◽

B Johannesson ◽

M Nicholson ◽

P R Noyce

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Primary Schoolchildren ◽

Minor Ailments

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Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria from Bell Pepper and Tomato in Barbados Undergoes Changes in Race Structure, Virulence and Sensitivity to Chemical Control Agents

Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.00400.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 147 (7-8) ◽

pp. 397-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. P. Gore ◽

L. W. O ◽

. 'Garro

Keyword(s):

Chemical Control ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Bell Pepper

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Cannabis use in Switzerland: The role of attribution of drug use to friends, urbanization and repression 1The study was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG) Grant 316.96.5980.

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.60.2.99 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 99-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Holger Schmid

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Hierarchical Linear Model ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Structural Variables ◽

Hbsc Study ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Individual Use

Cannabis use does not show homogeneous patterns in a country. In particular, urbanization appears to influence prevalence rates, with higher rates in urban areas. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was employed to analyze these structural influences on individuals in Switzerland. Data for this analysis were taken from the Switzerland survey of Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study, the most recent survey to assess drug use in a nationally representative sample of 3473 15-year-olds. A total of 1487 male and 1620 female students indicated their cannabis use and their attributions of drug use to friends. As second level variables we included address density in the 26 Swiss Cantons as an indicator of urbanization and officially recorded offences of cannabis use in the Cantons as an indicator of repressive policy. Attribution of drug use to friends is highly correlated with cannabis use. The correlation is even more pronounced in urban Cantons. However, no association between recorded offences and cannabis use was found. The results suggest that structural variables influence individuals. Living in an urban area effects the attribution of drug use to friends. On the other hand repressive policy does not affect individual use.

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