Verfahrensfragen bei der Anpassung von Verträgen nach § 313 BGB

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Bielefeld

When codifying the german equivalent to the frustration of purpose, it was a declared intent of the legislator to facilitate out-of-court negotiations between the parties. Instead of recognizing a substantive obligation to negotiate, the work makes use of various instruments of procedural law to promote this goal. Section 313 of the German Civil Code also poses problems with regard to substantive res judicata: Since the goal of the adjustment is not predetermined and several adjustment variants are usually possible, the question arises to what extent a final judgment that decides on one of these variants stands in the way of later adjustment claims of a different content. This paper examines this question and presents a model solution.

The current insolvency legislation is the result of a long and cumbersome evolution. It was approved on 7 July 2003 (Ley 22/2003, the Insolvency Act 2003 (‘IA’)) and came into force on 1 September 2004, putting an end to one of the most embarrassing situations that the Spanish legal system has ever had to endure: coming into the 21st century with an insolvency legislation dating back to the beginning of the 19th century. The previous insolvency system was composed of as many as five different legal instruments: the Commercial Codes (Codigo de Comercio) of 1885 and 1829 (only partially in force) and the Law on Suspension of Payments of 1922 (Ley de Suspension de Pagos), which regulated some procedural aspects and all material aspects of commercial insolvency; the Civil Code of 1889, which regulated the insolvency of the general—non-commercial—debtor; and the Civil Procedural Law, dating from 1881 (Ley de Enjuiciamiento civil ). It can then be said that the insolvency of a large business in a developed European economy (the fifth largest in the EU) had to be solved with laws that dated from two centuries before. The reform has been a relief and it has greatly modernised Spain’s economic legal legal framework. However, this process was neither easy nor did it produce a fully satisfactory result.


2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2317-2333
Author(s):  
Oana M. Petrescu

Knowledge and understanting the means of appeals lodged before the courts of the European Union, limited only to the points of law, are very important taking into accout the modality to control a judgment delivered by an inferior court exists since ancient times, being governed among others, by the Larin principle: res judicata pro veritate accipitur. In the following we will examine, in general, the judicial control of the judgments and orders delivered by the General Court and by the Civil Service Tribunal, as a specialized tribunal on civil servant issues, but also the sui generis means of appeals and the extraordinary means of reviews of the judgments and orders. We shall mention that all of them are exercised in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of the European courts and the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Another aspect to be mentione is that the judjments of the Court of Justice cannot be challenged to another court, as they remain final and irrevocable.


Author(s):  
Hallouma Boussada

Despite its going importance, the evaluation of the students' acquisitions is still the most obscure point in the literature devoted to the university pedagogy. Hence, considering the absence of precise data about the performance indicators and evaluation criteria of students at the high level, this research asks the following question: « Does the way of conceiving the evaluation of the students' acquisition is made answer adequately to the criteria of pertinence and validity? ». The main objective if this study is to assess the pertinence of the objectives of the training (coherence with the training profile) and measure the validity of what students have acquired (coherence with the objectives stated). This study focuses on 42 exams of the same masters specialised in subject didactics. Through different content analysis strategies, the findings show the difficulties faced by universities to implement pertinent and valid evaluation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Khaldoun Said Saleh Qtaishat

In the present article, the author examines one of the most important issues related to the international private law. This issue is how to determine the law applicable to damageable act in the high seas according to the Jordanian international private law. This problem is represented in the way of how the Jordanian legislator, in general, deals with the law applicable to the damageable act in the Jordanian civil code without dealing with the problem of identifying the law applicable to the damageable act in the high seas, which leads the author to ask and answer about how to determine the law applicable to this damageable act. The jurisprudence of the international private law pays great deal of attention to the problem of the law applicable to damageable act on the high seas, where many opinions try to solve it. The international community also takes notice of this problem as well as the result of this attention the emergence of the Brussels maritime Collision Convention in 1910. It is worth mentioning that Jordanian legislator has addressed the issue of maritime collision in the Jordanian maritime commercial law which contains numerous provisions that match perfectly with the provisions of the Brussels Collision Convention in 1910.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Lisiane Beatriz Fröhlich ◽  
Jonathan Iovane De Lemos

RESUMOO presente estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender em qual dos planos dos atos processuais – existência, validade ou eficácia – reside o defeito que acomete a sentença de mérito prolatada com a preterição do(s) litisconsorte(s) necessário(s) unitário(s). A partir dos resultados obtidos com a pesquisa, constatou-se que, para o alcance de uma conclusão satisfatória a seu respeito, é imprescindível a verificação do momento em que é alegada a preterição do(s) litisconsorte(s) necessário(s) unitário(s). Assim, concluiu-se que, na eventualidade de a alegação ocorrer anteriormente ao trânsito em julgado, o defeito estará situado no plano da validade, tratando-se de uma nulidade absoluta. Por outro lado, após o trânsito em julgado, o que remanesce é o vício no plano da eficácia. Dessa forma, observa-se que a atual legislação processual civil não é incorreta, mas incompleta e carente de precisão. Isso porque, apesar da superlativa importância da definição do momento em que se está analisando o vício, o Código de Processo Civil de 2015 é omisso com relação a esse aspecto, potencializando as dúvidas a respeito do tema. Por fim, verificou-se que, devido à gravidade do defeito que acomete essa sentença – oriunda, sobretudo, da ofensa aos princípios constitucionais –, é possível que qualquer interessado o alegue. Além disso, pelos mesmos motivos, as vias processuais admissíveis para combater esse vício são variadas, podendo ser manejada a ação rescisória, a impugnação ao cumprimento de sentença, a querela nullitatis insanabilis ou, ainda, qualquer outro meio idôneo e compatível com a situação concreta.Palavras-chave: Litisconsórcio necessário unitário. Sentença de mérito. Inexistência. Invalidade. Ineficácia. ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study is to understand in which of the plans of procedural acts – existence, validity or efficacy – is situated the defect that affects the judgment of merit prolated with the pretermission of the necessary unitary collegitimate. From the results obtained with the research, it was verified that, in order to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion about it, it is essential to verify the moment when is alleged the omission of the necessary unitary collegitimate. Thus, it was concluded that, if the claim occurs before it is formed the res judicata, the defect is situated in the validity plan, being an absolute nullity. On the other hand, after the res judicata is formed, what remains is the inefficacy. Therefore, it was verified that the current civil procedural law is not incorrect, but incomplete and lacking precision. This is because, in spite of the superlative importance of defining which moment the defect is being analyzed, the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code of 2015 do not consider this aspect, potentializing doubts about the issue. Finally, it was discovered that, because of the severity of the defect that affects this veredict – originated, principally, from the offense to the constitutional principles – it is possible that any interested subject of the process can claim it. Besides that, for the same reasons, it is admitted the use of several procedural means to combat this decision, like the rescissory action, the enforcement’s impugnment of the judgment, the querela nullitatis insanabilis or any other suitable procedural means and compatible with the specific situation.Keywords: Necessary unitary joinder of parties. Judgment of merit. Inexistence. Invalidity. Inefficacy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Mozhilyan ◽  

The article is dedicated to the issues arising in practice of using the provisions on unworthy heirs of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establish only assessment categories, using which the courts assess the actions of supposed heirs by implementing its discrete authorities. Unfortunately, Article 1117 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation has no answer to the question on the mechanism of an unworthy heir recognition, the standard of proving within similar court dispute, jurisdiction and procedure of dispute review. Of special interest is an issue on recognition of unworthy heirs who have deliberately evaded obligations to support the testator as the available court practice is rather contradicting and inconsistent. The article considers practical issues of implementing the way to protect the rights of heirs specified in Article 1117 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation arising within activities of courts of general jurisdiction.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt R. Muer

The subject matter of this work is controversially discussed in jurisprudential literature under the term "digital estate". The author addresses the problem of assets in the digital world in a special way: The concept of assets used in § 1922 of the German Civil Code is first subjected to a fundamental review and critically examined in its historical contexts. In the process, detailed questions are also clarified on those aspects that can stand in the way of the realisation of the inheritance-law finding through impossibility. This consideration is of particular interest in detail, especially in the digital context, and enables a holistic, fundamental analysis of the problem.


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