Automated Behavioral Testing of Refactoring Engines

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.5753/ctd.2015.9997 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gustavo Soares ◽

Rohit Gheyi

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Changes ◽

Internal Quality ◽

Complex Task ◽

Behavioral Testing ◽

Java Program ◽

Refactoring Tools ◽

External Behavior ◽

Program Generator

Refactoring is a transformation that preserves the external behavior of a program and improves its internal quality. To help developers in this task, current IDEs, such as Eclipse and NetBeans, automate a number of refactorings. However, implementing refactorings is a complex task, and so, even mainstream IDEs contain critical bugs. We propose an automated approach for testing of Java refactoring engines. Its key components are: JDOLLY, a Java program generator, and SAFEREFACTOR, a program for checking behavioral changes. The technique uses JDOLLY to generate programs as test inputs. For each generated program, it applies the refactoring by using the engine under test, and uses oracles based on SAFEREFACTOR to evaluate the correctness of the transformation. In the end, it classifies the failures into distinct bugs. We have evaluated this technique by testing up to 10 refactorings from Eclipse, NetBeans and the JastAdd Refactoring Tools. Our technique tested 153,444 transformations, and identified more than 100 bugs, which were reported to engines’ developers. They accepted most of them, and already fixed 35 bugs.

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Supervision: A Case Study

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.0804.256 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 256-263

Author(s):

Roberta Chapey ◽

Geraldine Chapey

Keyword(s):

Organizational Communication ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Personal Problems ◽

Clinically Significant

Occasionally, it is the responsibility of a supervisor to help a staff speech clinician resolve professional and or personal problems that interfere with the delivery of quality services. To deal with this situation, the supervisor must be equipped with the techniques and procedures for effective organizational communication. This article presents a case study in which a speech clinician demonstrated irresponsibility in various job areas. The supervisor’s philosophy and the procedures used in managing these problems are presented. The behavioral changes suggest that the supervisor’s interventive procedures were clinically significant and warrant further investigation.

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The Biological Clock and Sleep in the Elderly

Zeitschrift für Gerontopsychologie & -psychiatrie ◽

10.1024/1011-6877.19.1.45 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Myriam Juda ◽

Mirjam Münch ◽

Anna Wirz-Justice ◽

Martha Merrow ◽

Till Roenneberg

Keyword(s):

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Biological Clock ◽

The Elderly ◽

Early Morning ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Older Age ◽

Age Related ◽

Theoretical Considerations ◽

Sleep Difficulties ◽

Circadian Biology

Abstract: Among many other changes, older age is characterized by advanced sleep-wake cycles, changes in the amplitude of various circadian rhythms, as well as reduced entrainment to zeitgebers. These features reveal themselves through early morning awakenings, sleep difficulties at night, and a re-emergence of daytime napping. This review summarizes the observations concerning the biological clock and sleep in the elderly and discusses the documented and theoretical considerations behind these age-related behavioral changes, especially with respect to circadian biology.

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Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000344 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 297-311

Author(s):

José David Moreno ◽

José A. León ◽

Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽

Juan Botella

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Aging Effects ◽

Movement Data ◽

Sentence Reading ◽

The Difference ◽

Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

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Behavioral Testing of Mice Concerning Anxiety and Depression

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000215 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 223 (3) ◽

pp. 151-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nina Schweinfurth ◽

Undine E. Lang

Keyword(s):

Environmental Influences ◽

Sickness Behavior ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Housing Conditions ◽

Human Beings ◽

Behavioral Testing ◽

New Developments ◽

Animal Trials ◽

Resilience Factors

Abstract. In the development of new psychiatric drugs and the exploration of their efficacy, behavioral testing in mice has always shown to be an inevitable procedure. By studying the behavior of mice, diverse pathophysiological processes leading to depression, anxiety, and sickness behavior have been revealed. Moreover, laboratory research in animals increased at least the knowledge about the involvement of a multitude of genes in anxiety and depression. However, multiple new possibilities to study human behavior have been developed recently and improved and enable a direct acquisition of human epigenetic, imaging, and neurotransmission data on psychiatric pathologies. In human beings, the high influence of environmental and resilience factors gained scientific importance during the last years as the search for key genes in the development of affective and anxiety disorders has not been successful. However, environmental influences in human beings themselves might be better understood and controllable than in mice, where environmental influences might be as complex and subtle. The increasing possibilities in clinical research and the knowledge about the complexity of environmental influences and interferences in animal trials, which had been underestimated yet, question more and more to what extent findings from laboratory animal research translate to human conditions. However, new developments in behavioral testing of mice involve the animals’ welfare and show that housing conditions of laboratory mice can be markedly improved without affecting the standardization of results.

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