scholarly journals Fruit and vegetable discards preserved with sodium metabisulfite as a high-moisture ingredient in total mixed ration for ruminants: effect on in vitro ruminal fermentation and in vivo metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-455
Author(s):  
Farhad Ahmadi ◽  
Won Hee Lee ◽  
Young-Kyoon Oh ◽  
Keunkyu Park ◽  
Wan Sup Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Corn Grain

Objective: Our recent series of laboratory- and large-scale experiments confirmed that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, sodium metabisulfite (SMB) was effective in preserving nutrients and antioxidant capacity of highly perishable fruit and vegetable discards (FVD). Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine how partial inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in total mixed ration (TMR) influences in vitro ruminal fermentation, whole-tract digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and voluntary feed intake of sheep.Methods: The FVD were mixed thoroughly with 6 g SMB/kg wet biomass and kept outdoors under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Four TMRs including four levels of SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (equaling to 0%, 1.9%, 3.8%, and 5.7% on dry matter basis, respectively), were prepared as replacement for corn grain. The ruminal fermentation metabolites were studied using an in vitro gas production test. Four mature male Corriedale sheep were assigned at random to the 4 diets for two separate sub-experiments; i) digestibility trial with four 21-d periods, and ii) voluntary feed intake trial with four 28-d periods.Results: Inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR tended to quadratically increase partitioning factor. No effect was seen on total-tract digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber, except for neutral detergent fiber digestibility that tended to linearly increase with increasing SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. The progressive increase of FVD preserved with SMB in the diet had no effect on nitrogen metabolism. Treatment had no effect on serum antioxidant capacity and blood metabolites assayed. Voluntary feed intake was not impaired by inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR.Conclusion: It appears that FVD preserved with SMB can be safely incorporated into TMR as replacement of corn grain without impairment of nutrient metabolism and feed intake.

Effects of Protein and Roughage Sources in Total Mixed Ration on Voluntary Feed Intake, Nutrient Intake and Blood Metabolites in Black Bengal Goats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Polviset ◽  
N. Danopas
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake

Background: Agricultural productivity in Southeast Asian countries are important to produce food for human, thus the first priority to improve agricultural productivity is feed and feeding in livestock, especially in ruminants when rice straw and Napier grass are used as the roughage sources; in addition, cassava leaves and Leucaena leaves can be used as the protein sources. Interestingly, the strategy to improve feed in ruminant is through the use of total mixed rations (TMR) which are produced by combination of roughages, concentrates, minerals, vitamins and additives. Methods: During the period 2020-2021 a study with 2 × 2 factorial, in 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21 days per period tested the following TMR’s T1- 5% urea treated rice straw with dried Leucaena leaves, T2- 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, T3- fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and the T4- fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves on voluntary feed intake, nutrient intake and blood metabolites in Black Bengal goats. Result: All treatments did not affect voluntary feed intake (kgDM/head/day and % BW) (P greater than 0.05), but feeding with 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, it was non significantly higher (0.71 kgDM/day). Furthermore, nutrient intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and rumination were not affected among all the four treatments (P greater than 0.05). Additionally, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and triglyceride concentrations in plasma were not influenced due to treatments (P greater than 0.05). Nevertheless, Feed cost (USD/kg) was reduced T3 and T4. In conclusion, feeding Black Bengal goat with fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves in the TMR were suitable because of the lowest price (0.13 USD/kg) when compared to the other treatments.

Relationship of Various Blood Metabolites to Voluntary Feed Intake in Lactating Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Thye ◽  
R. G. Warner ◽  
P. D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Relationship Of

scholarly journals PSX-31 Effects of substitution of corn and soybean meal with dried distiller’s grains and solubles (DDGS) in legume based diets on lamb feed intake, body weight gain and blood metabolites

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 455-456
Author(s):  
Kianna E Lyte ◽  
Brou Kouakou ◽  
Jung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake

Abstract In the United States, bioethanol is generated from corn and biodiesel from soybean oil to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Ethanol production generates DDGS, high in bypass protein and soluble carbohydrates, which can be used as a cheaper alternative replacement for corn and soybean. This experiment was conducted to evaluate voluntary feed intake, body weight gain and blood metabolites of lambs fed legume-based diets supplemented with corn and soybean meal or dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). Animals were individually housed in pens (1.52 mx 1.52 m) under a modified carport shed with woodchips as bedding. They were stratified into four groups (n = 9) with similar weights and standard deviation and randomly assigned to four treatments. The lambs were fed ground sericea hay (SL) or alfalfa meal (ALF) with either corn and soybean meal (control) or DDGS for 60 days. Treatments were SLC, SLDDGS, ALFC and AFLDDGS. The lambs were fed ad libitum based on their selected treatment and given water daily. At the end of the 60 days, weights and blood samples were collected. Plasma samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Data were analyzed using Proc Mix Procedure of SAS. Results indicated that replacing corn with DDGS did not (P > 0.05) affect voluntary feed intake, final live weight and carcass weight. Blood NEFA and glucose were not affected by dietary treatments. BUN increased in lambs fed alfalfa with corn and soybean meal compared to animals fed either legume supplemented with DDGS. Similarly animals fed sericea have lower (P < 0.05) BUN (19 vs 23 mg/dL) when corn and soybean meal were replaced with DDGS. DDGS can be used in legume diets for growing lambs in replacement for corn and soybean meal.

Effects of whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of lactating dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
Tiago Antônio Del Valle ◽  
Pablo Gomes de Paiva ◽  
Elmeson Ferreira de Jesus ◽  
Rafael Vilella Barletta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Corn Grain

The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows (133.0 ± 53.1 days in milk, 585.2 ± 54.2 kg of BW and 32.22 ± 5.32 kg/day of milk) were used in six 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-day periods. The cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets: control (CT), diet without oilseed inclusion; whole soybean (WS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole raw soybean (diet DM basis); and whole cottonseed (WCS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole cottonseed (diet DM basis). Dietary supplementation with WS or WCS had no effect on milk yield and composition. DM and non-fibre carbohydrate intake were decreased in cows fed WS and WCS when compared with CT; however, WS and WCS increased ether extract intake and digestibility. The WCS decreased DM, crude protein, ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrate intake when compared with WS. Cows fed WCS had higher ruminal pH than those fed WS or CT. Cows fed WS showed higher propionate concentration than cows fed WCS. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased when cows were fed WS compared with those fed CT or WCS. The partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with WS or WCS in diets of mid-lactating dairy cows decreased DM intake and altered ruminal fermentation, but did not affect milk yield and composition.

scholarly journals Effect of corn grain particle size on ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of Holstein steers fed total mixed ration

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Hyung Kim ◽  
Seong Ho Choi ◽  
Sung Kwon Park ◽  
Sung Sill Lee ◽  
Chang Weon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Corn Grain

Voluntary feed intake by sheep and digestibility of shaded Stenotaphrum secundatum and Pennisetum clandestinum herbage

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Samarakoon ◽  
H. M. Shelton ◽  
J. R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Stenotaphrum Secundatum ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake

SUMMARYThe effects of shade (50% of ambient light transmission) on the quality of established swards of buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) were examined at Wollongbar Research Station, northern New South Wales. Sarlon cloth was used to shade plots of the two species, after cutting to 8 cm, from November 1985 to March 1986. Herbage was harvested from shaded and adjacent unshaded plots for chemical analyses and for feeding as dry chaff to penned sheep at the University of Queensland research farm at Mt Cotton.Shade markedly decreased the voluntary feed intake (VI) of P. dandestinum by 30·7% over the two harvests while VI of S. secundatum was not significantly affected. Shade had no effect on the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of P. clandestinum herbage but marginally increased that of S. secundatum. These shade effects resulted in a 14·2% increase for S. secundatum and a 34% decrease for P. clandestinum in the intake of digestible dry matter of shaded compared with unshaded herbage.The reduced VI of the shade-grown herbage of P. clandestinum was associated with a higher proportion of stem (21 v. 8% for unshaded herbage), a lower proportion of leaf (48 v. 54%), and a lower concentration of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) (0.9 v. 2.1%). In S. secundatum, there were similar, but smaller, changes in proportion of stem and TNC percentage in shade-grown herbage but, in contrast to P. clandestinum, these potential detriments to VI were offset by an increase in proportion of leaf and a decrease in the proportion of dead material. Average moisture content of shaded herbage (76%) was higher than that of unshaded herbage (70%). Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in plant tissue were higher in the shaded herbage.The higher yielding capacity and maintenance of nutritive quality of shaded S. secundatum compared with shaded P. clandestinum indicates the potential usefulness of S. secundatum for plantation agriculture.

Effects of substituting corn with steam-flaked sorghum on growth, digestion and blood metabolites in young cattle fed feedlot diets

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wang ◽  
Q. Liu ◽  
G. Guo ◽  
W. J. Huo ◽  
Y. L. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Beef Bulls ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Corn Grain

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting ground corn grain with steam-flaked sorghum (SFS) grain on growth performance, nutrient utilisation and blood metabolites in beef bulls. Fifty-six Simmental beef bulls averaging 12 months of age and 356.4 ± 2.6 kg of bodyweight were randomly assigned to four groups. The treatments were control, low-SFS, medium-SFS and high–SFS, with 0, 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 SFS grain, respectively, substituting ground corn grain of diets(dry matter (DM) basis). Diets consisted of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate (DM basis). The average daily gain and feed conversion rate improved quadratically with increasing the proportion of SFS grain. Ruminal pH and ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentration decreased quadratically, whereas ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration increased quadratically. Ratio of acetate to propionate decreased quadratically (P = 0.027) due to the quadratic decrease in acetate production and the quadratic increase in propionate production. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter and crude protein increased quadratically, whereas that of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased quadratically. The digestible N, retention N and the retention N to digestible N ratio improved quadratically. Inclusion of SFS grain in diets quadratically increased blood concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin and triglyceride, but quadratically decreased the concentration of urea N. The results indicated that partly substituting ground corn grain with SFS grain could improve growth performance by improving ruminal fermentation and N utilisation; the optimum substitution rate was 2/3 (DM basis).

scholarly journals In vitro digestibility and nutritional characterization of distillers dried grains with solubles according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 2029
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Jocilaine Garcia ◽  
Kallynka Samara Martins Coelho ◽  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Andreson De Moura Zanine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Protein System ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Corn Grain

We evaluated the fractions of protein and carbohydrates in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SM), and corn silage (CS), as well as the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DDGS, CG, SM, CS, rations containing 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% DDGS, and in vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation. DDGS were obtained following microbial fermentation for ethanol production from a sugar and alcohol distillery located in the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions of experimental diets. For the in vitro nutrient digestion assay using the experimental foods and experimental diets, two sheep with an average body weight of 26 kg were used as inoculum donors. The in vitro digestibility of food and feed was assayed in three replicates. Fraction A of DDGS CP was 88, 71, and 37% lower in relation to fraction A of SM, CG, and CS, respectively. Fraction B2 of DDGS protein contained 21% CP, which represents 78.84% of DDGS protein in fraction B2, and is higher than the SM, which was 70.44%. The B3 fraction of CP, which is partly released during ruminal fermentation, was 18% lower for SM compared to DDGS, and is expressed in %CP. For carbohydrate fractionation, the DDGS presented 8.64% for the A + B1 fraction on a DM basis, which was 62, 86, and 74% lower compared to those obtained for SM, CG. and CS, respectively. The hemicellulose and cellulose contents of DDGS were higher than those of SM, as verified in fraction B2, with a value of 46.92%, expressed in DM. The in vitro digestibility coefficients (IVDC) of the DDGS nutrients did not differ (p > 0.05) in relation to those of the other experimental foods. The inclusion of DDGS in rations formulated for sheep did not change (p > 0.05) the IVDC of DM, OM, CP. NDF, or ADF, with mean values of 70.93, 70.64, 59.58, 52.83, and 43.40%, respectively. Therefore, DDGS comprise a protein-rich food containing more than 70% CP in fraction B2, with a large amount of carbohydrates bound to the cell wall. In addition, DDGS possess a similar digestibility coefficient to corn grain and soybean meal; however, up to 24% can be included in feed formulations for ruminants without changing the in vitro digestibility coefficient of nutrients.

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