scholarly journals Relationship between Body Weight of Primiparous Sows during Late Gestation and Subsequent Reproductive Efficiency over Six Parities

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 768-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Soo Kim ◽  
Xiaojian Yang ◽  
Samuel Kofi Baidoo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency

scholarly journals Occurrence and practical solvent possibility of gilts preinsemination anestrus

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Stancic ◽  
M. Gagrcin ◽  
M. Jovicin ◽  
S. Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Paper Review

Gilts reproductive efficiency is one of the primary factors of successful piglets' production. This performance, among other things, is expresses by the number of pregnant gilts, with desirable genetic traits, body weight and age, sexual maturity status, and general good health, provided for the replacement of sows in primary herd. This goal is very difficult to achieve in practical conditions. The main reason is occurrence of prolonged preinsemination anoestrus (oestrus was not detected even after 8 months of age). This paper review the occurrence of prolonged preinsemination anoestrus, based on the results of our and study of other authors. All studies consistently show that, in most of these gilts, pubertal cyclic ovarian activity were established, that silent oestrus occurred in only 4% of the cyclic gilts, and that this problem can be solved by applying appropriate technologies for oestrus detection, and by treatment with adequate hormonal preparations.

scholarly journals Maternal undernutrition during late gestation-induced intrauterine growth restriction in the rat is associated with impaired placental GLUT3 expression, but does not correlate with endogenous corticosterone levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lesage ◽  
D Hahn ◽  
M Leonhardt ◽  
B Blondeau ◽  
B Breant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Protein Levels

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a frequently occurring and serious complication of pregnancy. Infants exposed to IUGR are at risk for numerous perinatal morbidities, including hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, as well as increased risk of later physical and/or mental impairments, cardiovascular disease and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Fetal growth restriction most often results from uteroplacental dysfunction during the later stage of pregnancy. As glucose, which is the most abundant nutrient crossing the placenta, fulfills a large portion of the fetal energy requirements during gestational development, and since impaired placental glucose transport is thought to result in growth restriction, we investigated the effects of maternal 50% food restriction (FR50) during the last week of gestation on rat placental expression of glucose transporters, GLUT1, GLUT3 and GLUT4, and on plasma glucose content in both maternal and fetal compartments. Moreover, as maternal FR50 induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and since these hormones are potent regulators of placental glucose transporter expression, we investigated whether putative alterations in placental GLUT expression correlate with changes in maternal and/or fetal corticosterone levels. At term (day 21 of pregnancy), plasma glucose content was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in mothers subjected to FR50, but was not affected in fetuses. Food restriction reduced maternal body weight (P<0.001) but did not affect placental weight. Plasma corticosterone concentration, at term, was increased (P<0.05) in FR50 mothers. Fetuses from FR50 mothers showed reduced body weight (P<0.001) but higher plasma corticosterone levels (P<0.05). Adrenalectomy (ADX) followed by corticosterone supplementation of the mother prevented the FR50-induced rise in maternal plasma corticosterone at term. Food restriction performed on either sham-ADX or ADX mothers induced a similar reduction in the body weight of the pups at term (P<0.01). Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were increased in pups from sham-ADX FR50 mothers (P<0.01) and in pups from ADX control mothers (P<0.01). Western blot analysis of placental GLUT proteins showed that maternal FR50 decreased placental GLUT3 protein levels in all experimental groups at term (P<0.05 and P<0.01), but did not affect either GLUT1 or GLUT4 protein levels. Northern blot analysis of placental GLUT expression showed that both GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNA were not affected by the maternal feeding regimen or surgery. We concluded that prolonged maternal malnutrition during late gestation decreases maternal plasma glucose content and placental GLUT3 glucose transporter expression, but does not obviously affect fetal plasma glucose concentration. Moreover, the present results are not compatible with a role of maternal corticosterone in the development of growth-restricted rat fetuses.

EFFECTS OF MATERNAL NUTRITION ON THE HUMAN FETUS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-503
Author(s):  
Richard L. Naeye ◽  
William Blanc ◽  
Cheryl Paul
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Body Organ

In a study of 467 gestations maternal stature had little correlation with fetal growth but mother's pregravid body weight as well as weight gain and low-calorie diets during pregnancy did have such a correlation. Maternal undernutrition before the third trimester had little or no influence on fetal body, organ, and cellular growth while such effects were pronounced in late gestation. Fetal body and organ growth improved with successive pregnancies except in the most poorly nourished mothers, whose successive neonates became more growth retarded.

Development of the laser remote caliper as a method to estimate surface area and body weight in beef cattle

SURG Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
Sarah Core ◽  
Stephen Miller ◽  
Matthew Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Side View ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Area And Volume

Linear measurements combined with surface area and volume calculations were used to develop formulas to estimate body weight (BW) in beef cattle. These measurements were evaluated directly or estimated using a laser remote caliper (LRC) and digital imaging software. Seventy-two dry, late gestation beef cows aged 3-13 years were measured and weighed Six measurements for each cow were taken; the cattle were weighed, a body condition score (BCS) was assigned, heart girth (HG), hip width (HW), and hip height (HH) were measured directly and 3 digital pictures were taken. The digital pictures portrayed three different views; side view (restrained), rear view (restrained), and side view (free-stall). Body length, HW, HH, surface area and volume were indirectly calculated from the digital images. For each view a complete (C-) formula (direct and indirect measures) and remote (R-) formula (only indirect measures) to estimate BW was developed. The R-squared values 0.7459, 0.7937, 0.8078, 0.5016, 0.611, 0.5553 were attained for C-side view free-stall, C-side view (restrained), C-rear view (restrained), R-side view free-stall, R-side view (restrained), and R-rear view (restrained). The accuracy of these formulas was 81% on average. BCS, HG and HW were the most significant factors when developing a formula for BW (p-value < 0.001). Side view (restrained) image measurements were most accurate in estimating BW. These measurements were highly correlated with the direct measurements and digital linear body measurements were not distorted (due to poor posture/positioning) as seen with the other views. The results or this study show that linear measurements collected by digital imaging methods can be a useful tool for estimating BW.

The effects of components of body weight on reproductive efficiency in the Merino ewe

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Guerra ◽  
C. J. Thwaites ◽  
T. N. Edey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency

SUMMARYGroups of mature Merino ewes selected on the basis of either large or small bodysize were differentially fed during a pre-experimental period to produce subgroups of high and low body condition. These levels of body condition were maintained for 2 weeks before mating and for the first 5 weeks of gestation. Thereafter, the four subgroups grazed together until lambing.Big ewes had more multiple ovulations than small ewes (14/41 υ 6/53; P < 0·01), and there was a significant linear regression of ovulation rate on body size. Body condition was positively related to the incidence of multiple ovulations, but the regression of ovulation rate on body condition at mating failed to reach significance. Body weight was significantly related to both ovulation rate and the incidence of multiple ovulations, and proved to be a more effective predictor of ovulation rate than either body size or condition.These results make it clear that size and condition, the two components of body weight, each have a considerable independent influence on some aspects of reproduction, and that the precision of some experiments and the effectiveness of some production routines could be improved by considering them separately.

scholarly journals Pre-Conception Weight Loss Improves Reproductive, Metabolic and Kidney Health in Obese Mice and Their Offspring

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A322-A323
Author(s):  
Natassia Rodrigo ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Carol Pollock ◽  
Sarah Glastras
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes

Abstract Background and Aims: An alarming 40% of women of reproductive age have obesity and during pregnancy obesity adversely impacts metabolic health in mothers and offspring. Maternal complications include diabetes, preeclampsia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our previous work showed that offspring have increased risks of obesity, diabetes, and CKD. While pre-pregnancy weight optimisation is advocated, evidence of benefits for mother and offspring are lacking. We aimed to determine if weight loss prior to pregnancy, either with diet modification or liraglutide, improves maternal and offspring metabolic outcomes, and reduces kidney complications in obese mothers and the offspring. Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were fed a high-fat-diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and compared to lean chow-fed controls. HFD-fed dams were administered liraglutide (0.3mg/kg, s.c., for 4weeks) or switched to chow, to induce pre-conception weight loss. Pregnancy rates were observed after mating. Maternal anthropometry and glucose tolerance were measured before and after intervention, and at late gestation. Pregnant dams were either culled at gestational day 18–20 with blood and kidney harvested, or allowed to deliver their offspring. Offspring anthropometry, and glucose tolerance were assessed at postnatal week 12 after either HFD or chow feeding. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting and RT-PCR were used to measure kidney metabolic (FAS, SREBP) and inflammatory markers (CD-68,TGF-b). Results: HFD-fed dams had reduced glucose tolerance compared to chow-fed dams (p&lt;0.0001), and higher expression of renal metabolic and inflammatory markers in late gestation (eg FAS &lt;0.05, TGFb &lt;0.05). Intervention with liraglutide or diet lowered body weight, improving glucose tolerance (both p&lt;0.001), and fecundity. Markers of kidney damage, namely albuminuria and fibronectin (by RT-PCR and IHC) were reduced (both p&lt;0.05). Liraglutide treated mice exhibited greater gestational weight gain than mice switched to chow (P&lt;0.001). Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were significantly lower in obese mice with preconception weight loss via diet compared to liraglutide (eg. MnSOD, PGC1α p&lt;0.05). The offspring of obese mothers with pre-conception weight loss had lower body weight (p&lt;0.001) and improved glucose tolerance (p&lt;0.01). Kidney metabolic and inflammatory markers (MCP-1, FAS, SREBP, CD68) were significantly altered in HFD-fed offspring of obese mothers administered liraglutide pre pregnancy (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Preconception weight loss improves fertility, weight and metabolic outcomes in mothers and the offspring, with benefits on reproduction, metabolic health, and chronic kidney disease risk. Therefore, obese women should be targeted for pre-conception weight loss to improve intergenerational metabolic health.

scholarly journals 76 Does supplemental protein and rumen-protected methionine improve performance and digestibility during late-gestation in beef cows?

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Madeline M Collins ◽  
Michaela K S Lievre ◽  
Kaitlyn V J Lawson ◽  
Ira B Mandell ◽  
Anna-Kate Shoveller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Abstract Methionine (MET) is likely the first limiting amino acid in low-protein forages fed to beef cattle during late-gestation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if supplemental protein and rumen-protected MET improve cow performance and apparent tract digestibility (TTD) during late-gestation. This study used 147 late-gestation Angus crossbred cows and heifers in a 3x2 factorial arrangement for dietary treatments. The cattle were randomly assigned to one of six diets formulated to 90, 100 or 110% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements (NRC, 2016), with (without) 9 g/d of rumen-protected MET (MetaSmart, Adisseo Inc.). These diets were fed for approximately 8 wks before calving. All data was analyzed as a randomized block design using SAS 9.4 PROC GLIMMIX procedure. Cows fed at 90% MP requirements lost body weight (BW), while cows fed at 100% and 110% MP requirements maintained and (or) gained BW over the trial (P = 0.02). Similarly, cows fed at 90% MP requirements lost more pregnancy corrected BW than cows fed at 100% and 110% MP requirements (P = 0.01). However, supplemental MET did not affect body weight gains (P &gt; 0.07). Cows and heifers fed at 90% MP requirements had reduced TTD for crude protein compared to cattle fed to 110% MP requirements (P &lt; 0.001), MET supplementation did not impact TTD (P &gt; 0.20). Additionally, cattle fed at 90% MP requirements had increased serum cholesterol and reduced urea concentrations compared to cows fed to 100% and 110% MP requirements (P &lt; 0.0001). MET supplementation increased serum concentrations for glucose, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, serine, threonine and valine (P &lt; 0.02). Calf birth weights were not significantly impacted by dietary treatment (P &gt; 0.31). Feeding cows above their MP requirements may improve late-gestation performance and CP digestibility. Supplemental MET may increase amino acid utilization but did not improve beef cow performance or digestibility parameters measured in late-gestation.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Body Weight and Reproductive Efficiency in Meat-Type Chickens

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 912-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E. ROBINSON ◽  
J.L. WILSON ◽  
M.W. YU ◽  
G.M. FASENKO ◽  
R.T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Meat Type

scholarly journals Abundance of leptin mRNA in fetal adipose tissue is related to fetal body weight

1999 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R4 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Bernard ◽  
I Yuen ◽  
C McMillen ◽  
ME Symonds ◽  
PC Owens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Actin Mrna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Synthetic Capacity

Leptin mRNA was measured in adipose tissue of fetal sheep by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Abundance of leptin mRNA relative to b-actin mRNA in fetal perirenal adipose tissue increased (P<0.02) with gestation, being higher at 144 d (0.73 +/- 0. 10, n=5) than at 90-91 d (0.40 +/- 0.08, n=6) or 125 d (0.40 +/- 0. 04, n=5) gestation (term approximately 147- 150 d). There was a positive relationship between relative abundance of leptin mRNA (y) and fetal body weight (x)between 90 and 144 d gestation (r 2 =0.27, P<0.01). The slope of the linear dependence of leptin mRNA on fetal weight was 15-fold greater (P<0.001) at 90-91d (y = 2.81x - 1.1, n=6, r 2 =0.71, P<0.025) than between 125-144 d gestation (y = 0.195x - 0.15, n=16, r 2 =0.39, P<0.01). Thus the leptin synthetic capacity of fetal adipose tissue appears to increase in late gestation but this is accompanied by constraint of its sensitivity to fetal body weight. We hypothesise that leptin synthesis in fetal adipose tissue is related to fetal nutrient supply and growth rate.

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