Student Pharmacist Perceptions of Male Faculty Teaching Female-Specific Sex and Gender Health Topics

Challenges in Sex- and Gender-Centered Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease: Implications of Genetic, Metabolic, and Environmental Paths

Angiology ◽

10.1177/0003319718756732 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (10) ◽

pp. 843-853 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Matina Kouvari ◽

Mary Yannakoulia ◽

Kyriakos Souliotis ◽

Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Male Privilege ◽

Atypical Symptoms ◽

Key Points ◽

And Gender ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Female Specific

The recognition of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a “male” privilege has been a commonly held concept. However, emerging data describe another reality. Heterogeneities have been convincingly demonstrated regarding CVD manifestations, risk factor burden, and prognosis between males and females. The aim of the present narrative review was to highlight sex- and gender-related discrepancies in primary and secondary CVD prevention, underscoring plausible underlying mechanisms. Manifestation of CVD in women is characterized by atypical symptoms/signs and inadequately studied pathophysiology features challenging accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Regarding CVD risk assessment, the burden and effect size of conventional, novel, and female-specific risk factors needs better clarification. Hitherto outcomes are nonconsistent, while most importantly, the interpretation of the attendant metabolic paths remains a challenge; the interactions among genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors are of high complexity regulated by genomic and nongenomic sex hormones effects. To deal with these key points, the National Institutes of Health currently calls upon investigators to provide a sex- and gender-specific reporting in all health research hypotheses. The implementation of high-quality studies addressing these issues is an imperative need to maximize cost-effectiveness in prevention and management strategies.

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Effects of Sex-Specific Gene on the Adipogenic Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab055_047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1237-1237

Author(s):

Rira Oh ◽

Ji-Won Heo ◽

Hyeyoon Kim ◽

Mi-Kyung Sung ◽

Sung-Eun Kim

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Adipogenic Differentiation ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Women In Science ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Engineering And Technology ◽

And Gender ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Female Specific

Abstract Objectives Global statistics indicated that women are more likely to be obese than men, while sex and gender differences have been largely ignored in scientific reports which have caused serious biases in research conclusions. Previously, we have identified female-specific genes including NPR3 (natriuretic peptide receptor 3) in adipose tissue of obese mice by bioinformatics analysis. Here, we further investigated sex-specific effects of the NPR3 gene on the adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to understand the underlying mechanisms for sex differences. Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with/without 1 µM fulvestrant (FUL, estrogen receptor antagonist) and/or 100 nM AP811 (NPR3 antagonist) during the early stage of differentiation. After cell differentiation, triacylglyceride (TG) accumulation was measured by Oil red O staining and mRNA level of markers related with lipid metabolism was determined by qRT-PCR. Results Karyotyping revealed two X chromosomes were present in 3T3-L1 cells. After differentiation with FUL and AP811, the NPR3 expression significantly decreased compared with 3T3-L1 cells treated with AP811 alone, indicating that NPR3 might be obesity-induced female-specific gene. Treatment with FUL and AP811 increased TG accumulation, which was accounted for the increased expression of adipogenic markers (PPARγ, CEBPα) and reduced expression of markers involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (NRF1, DRP1). Conclusions Our data show that the NPR3 gene influences the adipogenic differentiation in a sex-specific manner, suggesting sex- and gender-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity need to be established. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Support Program for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology through the Center for Women In Science, Engineering and Technology (WISET) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT).

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