scholarly journals Three Premodern Concepts of Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Marija Raguž ◽  
Tamara Alebić
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Concept Of Disease ◽  
Ancient Medicine ◽  
Body Change ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Huángdì Nèijīng ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
And Control

The concepts of health and disease have an impact on the efficiency of the medical system. Currently, there are no unanimously accepted definitions of health and disease, despite the fact that many investigations have attempted to capture their essence. Most of the available research about the concept of disease relies on the evidence-based disease concept of the modern medicine. That concept differs from the lay concept of disease or illness. In this research we use the cognitive linguistic approach to concepts, taking into consideration the way in which human mind processes the surrounding reality. Those processes are based on the universal principles because of the embodiment of cognition. Consequently, concepts are to some extent independent of time and culture. We have selected three premodern sources with sufficient information about disease to ascertain whether they have similarities in the comprehension of the disease. The first source is “Huangdi Neijing” “Suwen” part, from Chinese ancient medicine, the second one is “Hippocratic Corpus” from ancient Greece, and the third is “Otok” by Josip Lovretić from 19th century eastern Croatia. They are products of very different cultures and historical periods. Conducting comparison of features related to disease in the three sources, we have recognized that body, change, process and control are related to the common shared attributes critical for the concept of disease.

THE CATEGORIES OF HEALTH AND DISEASE IN EVOLUTION OF PARADIGMS OF MEDICINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
E. I Panova
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Concept Of Disease ◽  
Medical Standards ◽  
New States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Normal States

The article presents results of analysis of concepts “health” and “disease” to identify patterns of changes in their meaning and content which resulted into increasing of technologization of modern medicine. Every of considered ways of interpreting concept of “disease” contains certain image of human and one's attitude to internal (natural) and external (natural, social) environment and determines the degree of necessity, direction and character of impact on human body. The modifications of ways these categories are interpreted reflect evolutionary transition of successive changes in three paradigms of medicine: biocentric - sociocentric - technocentric. There is no clear demarcation between pathological and normal states of organism in the biocentric paradigm. The medical standard is identical to biological one; its criterion is viability. In the sociocentric paradigm, social factors of human activity dominate natural ones. The concept of “disease” acquires negative meaning and begins to be defined as “failure”, violation of adaptation of human organism. The natural consequence of this approach is increasing of spectrum and intensity of medical intervention: medical technologies begin to be applied to eliminate biologically normal conditions of patient's body. The main feature of technocentric paradigm is its constructivist character: biomedicine seeks to create new states of human body and psyche that do not exist in the nature. Understanding health as “well-being” leads to relativity of medical standards that becomes depended on constantly changing individual standards.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Drugs in Ghana: A Case Study on Personal Preferences

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Prince Yeboah ◽  
Arnold Donkor Forkuo ◽  
Obed Kwabena Offe Amponsah ◽  
Nana Ofori Adomako ◽  
Ahmad Yaman Abdin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Prefer Treatment ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
General Weakness ◽  
And Control

Malaria is a serious infection affecting millions of people in Africa. Our study investigated the personal preferences and applications of antimalarial medicines in Ghana. Based on over 1000 questionnaires distributed in Ghana from January to May 2019, we noticed that although Western medications to fight this disease are widely available, most patients in Ghana prefer treatment with locally produced herbal remedies. This preference appears to be due to a combination of traditional venues for obtaining medicines “on the street” rather than in licensed pharmacies, trust in local and “green” products, extensive advertisement of such local products, and an inherent distrust of imported and synthetic or unnatural medicines. Going local and natural is a trend also observed in other countries across the globe, and adds to the acceptance or rejection of drugs regardless of their activity or toxicity. In fact, adverse side effects associated with herbal remedies, such as general weakness and swollen, sore mouth, do not seem to deter the respondents of this study in Ghana. We propose a combination of (a) increasing public awareness of the benefits of modern medicine and (b) an improvement and control of the quality of herbal remedies to raise the standard of malaria treatment in countries such as Ghana.

scholarly journals Social Semantics: The role of conceptual knowledge and cognitive control in a neurobiological model of the social brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J Binney ◽  
Richard Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Social Semantics

Research in social neuroscience has primarily focused on carving up cognition into distinct pieces, as a function of mental process, neural network or social behaviour, while the need for unifying models that span multiple social phenomena has been relatively neglected. Here we present a novel framework that treats social cognition as a case of semantic cognition, which provides a neurobiologically constrained and generalizable framework, with clear, testable predictions regarding sociocognitive processing in the context of both health and disease. According to this framework, social cognition relies on two principal systems of representation and control. These systems are neuroanatomically and functionally distinct, but interact to (1) enable development of foundational, conceptual-level knowledge and (2) regulate access to this information in order to generate flexible and context-appropriate social behaviour. The Social Semantics framework shines new light on the mechanisms of social information processing by maintaining as much explanatory power as prior models of social cognition, whilst remaining simpler, by virtue of relying on fewer components that are “tuned” towards social interactions.

scholarly journals Metacognition: A new cognitive paradigm

Psihologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos Kankaras
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thinking Processes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Metacognitive Experiences

This article reviews concept of metacognition, defined as: (a) knowledge about ones own cognitive activity, (b) strategies to monitor and regulate cognitive activity and behavior, and (c) subjective or metacognitive experiences which comes from some changes or temporary difficulties in cognitive functioning. While describing different conceptualizations of metacognition, its development, fields of application, relation with intelligence, and its constrictions and ambiguity, we attempt to present new and emerging metacognitive paradigm, which is, for a relatively short period, succeeded to improve, expand, and redefine wide range of theoretical and practical fields in psychology, on new and original way. How do we become conscious of our own cognitive processes? What role and significance that consciousness has, what is the functional level above thinking processes and how that level, which monitor and control cognitive activity, works. Metacognition is concept that presents, as so far, the most important insight in those human mind areas, which, although very important, remained on the margin of psychological investigations until now.

scholarly journals Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Indian Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanu Kumar ◽  
Ankita Misra ◽  
Sharad Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Indian Medicinal Plants

Ayurveda is an age old system of medicine which utilizes thousands of medicinal plants, rich in secondary metabolites for their therapeutic benefits and phenolic compounds are important one. Plant phenolic compounds are one of the major group of phytomolecules having tremendous therapeutic and nutraceutical potential. Indian medicinal plants like Emblica, Terminalia spp., Withania, Tinospora etc. are some of the potential source of bioactive phenolics and had been used from ages in various Ayurvedic formulations and were scientifically validated too. In this contribution, a brief account of some common Indian medicinal plants rich in bioactive phenolics are summarized along with their therapeutic action on human health and disease. The vast array of phenolics in these plants makes them a suitable candidate for modern medicine, nutraceutical supplements, immuno-modulatory formulations etc. With the advent of modern separation tools and techniques, it is now possible to identify, isolate and purify desired phytoconstituents from plant extracts. This further opens the avenues of utilizing medicinal plants or plant constituents/metabolites as super food for strengthening the body and maintaining the healthy work-life balance. The need of the hour is to identify therapeutically potential phenolics rich plants and development of herbal formulations for human welfare.

Awe Without Wonder

2018 ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Laland
Keyword(s):  
Tool Use ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

This concluding chapter summarizes the major points achieved in the previous chapters and further reflects on this volume's findings about human culture. It considers why the evolution of culture proved difficult for researchers for the very same reasons as understanding the origins of the human mind has proved challenging to the broader scientific community. The human cultural capability did not evolve in isolation but in intricate coevolution with central aspects of cognition and behavior; including our language, teaching, intelligence, perspective-taking, powers of computation, cooperative tendencies, tool use, memory, and control of the environment. In struggling to understand the origins of culture, some light on the origins of the human mind, language, and intelligence might have been shed. Yet while all these efforts to better understand culture might have lessened the sense of wonderment one might feel at the scope of human achievement, this chapter notes that it still continues to inspire awe.

scholarly journals Modulation of the fungal mycobiome is regulated by the chitin-binding receptor FIBCD1

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (12) ◽  
pp. 2689-2700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper B. Moeller ◽  
Irina Leonardi ◽  
Anders Schlosser ◽  
Anne-Laure Flamar ◽  
Nicholas J. Bessman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Direct Binding ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Chitin Binding Protein ◽  
And Control

Host–microbiota interactions are critical in regulating mammalian health and disease. In addition to bacteria, parasites, and viruses, beneficial communities of fungi (the mycobiome) are important modulators of immune- and tissue-homeostasis. Chitin is a major component of the fungal cell wall, and fibrinogen C containing domain 1 (FIBCD1) is a chitin-binding protein; however, the role of this molecule in influencing host–mycobiome interactions in vivo has never been examined. Here, we identify direct binding of FIBCD1 to intestinal-derived fungi and demonstrate that epithelial-specific expression of FIBCD1 results in significantly reduced fungal colonization and amelioration of fungal-driven intestinal inflammation. Collectively, these results identify FIBCD1 as a previously unrecognized microbial pattern recognition receptor through which intestinal epithelial cells can recognize and control fungal colonization, limit fungal dysbiosis, and dampen intestinal inflammation.

Risk Factors for Microbial Contamination in Fruits and Vegetables at the Preharvest Level: A Systematic Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2055-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGSHIN PARK ◽  
BARBARA SZONYI ◽  
RAJU GAUTAM ◽  
KENDRA NIGHTINGALE ◽  
JUAN ANCISO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Produce Contamination ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of risk factors for contamination of fruits and vegetables with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the preharvest level. Relevant studies were identified by searching six electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAB Abstracts, AGRIS, AGRICOLA, and FSTA, using the following thesaurus terms: L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, E. coli O157 AND fruit, vegetable. All search terms were exploded to find all related subheadings. To be eligible, studies had to be prospective controlled trials or observational studies at the preharvest level and had to show clear and sufficient information on the process in which the produce was contaminated. Of the 3,463 citations identified, 68 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Most of these studies were on leafy greens and tomatoes. Six studies assessed produce contamination with respect to animal host-related risk factors, and 20 studies assessed contamination with respect to pathogen characteristics. Sixty-two studies assessed the association between produce contamination and factors related to produce, water, and soil, as well as local ecological conditions of the production location. While evaluations of many risk factors for preharvest-level produce contamination have been reported, the quality assessment of the reviewed studies confirmed the existence of solid evidence for only some of them, including growing produce on clay-type soil, the application of contaminated or non–pH-stabilized manure, and the use of spray irrigation with contaminated water, with a particular risk of contamination on the lower leaf surface. In conclusion, synthesis of the reviewed studies suggests that reducing microbial contamination of irrigation water and soil are the most effective targets for the prevention and control of produce contamination. Furthermore, this review provides an inventory of the evaluated risk factors, including those requiring more research.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Gut and Beyond

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Vyas ◽  
Natarajan Ranganathan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Ulcers ◽  
Colon Cancers ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

The human intestinal tract has been colonized by thousands of species of bacteria during the coevolution of man and microbes. Gut-borne microbes outnumber the total number of body tissue cells by a factor of ten. Recent metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota has revealed the presence of some 3.3 million genes, as compared to the mere 23 thousand genes present in the cells of the tissues in the entire human body. Evidence for various beneficial roles of the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease is expanding rapidly. Perturbation of the intestinal microbiota may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, functional bowel diseases, and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be difficult to accomplish, but the use of probiotics has led to promising results in a large number of well-designed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has spurred a dramatic increase in scientific, industrial, and public interest in probiotics and prebiotics as possible agents for gut microbiota management and control. Genomics and bioinformatics tools may allow us to establish mechanistic relationships among gut microbiota, health status, and the effects of drugs in the individual. This will hopefully provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management.

Assessment and the Technologic Present

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Joel Reiser
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Central Question ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Will ◽  
And Control

Do we have the will, the power of innovation, to lift ourselves above our own creations and control them? This is the central question of modern medicine, a question which for some time has dominated current discourse in health care and which gave rise in the early 1970s to the field of technology assessment. The technologic armory that has been developed over the past one and a half centuries is vast, formidable, and expanding. Its presence must be reckoned with, and to do this we must begin by understanding our relationship to it.

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