scholarly journals Finger Length Ratio (2D:4D) and Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Leonid Kalichman ◽  
Valery Batsevich ◽  
Eugene Kobiliansky
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Finger Length Ratio

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the index to ring (2D:4D) finger length ratio and aging-related traits (hand osteoarthritis (OA), the osseographic score (OSS), and reproductive period), as well as to assess the heritability of finger length. A Chuvashian population-based sample included 802 males (mean age 46.98±17.10 years) and 738 females (mean age 48.65±16.62 years). Age, sex, basic demographics, anthropometric data, reproductive indices (age at menarche, menopausal age, and length of the reproductive period), and x-rays of both hands were collected. Finger length ratio was measured on x-ray and each hand was visually classified as either type 1 – 2D>4D; type 2 ― 2D=4D; or type 3 ― 2D<4D. Hand OA was defined by the number of affected joints (Kellgren-Lawrence score ≥2) and the total of Kellgren-Lawrence scores (total OA score). OSS is a skeletal biomarker that comprises osteoporotic and OA changes observable on a hands x-ray. We calculated the familial correlations and performed a heritability analysis of 2D:4D ratio traits in a studied sample. After comparing the OA variables of individuals with different finger length ratio types (after adjustment for age and BMI) significant differences were found only in females between finger ratio types of the right hand in a number of affected joints (F=3.153, p=0. 043) and finger ratio types of the left (F=3.330, p=0. 036) and right (F=2.397, p=0. 047) hands of the total OA score. Females with type 3 ratio had the highest adjusted values of hand OA parameters. Results of one-way ANCOVA for finger length ratio types of the right hand showed a significant difference in OSS (df =2, F=7.569, P=0.001), after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. The posthoc comparison showed that individuals with type 3 (2D<4D) ratio showed significantly higher OSS scores than ones with type 1 (p=0.012) and type 2 (p=0.003). In an analysis of finger length ratio types of left hand also a significant difference in OSS was found (df=2, F=3.290, P=0.038). The posthoc comparison showed that individuals with type 3 ratio showed significantly higher OSS scores than ones with type 2 (p=0.33) ratio. We found that a low finger length ratio, a masculine visually evaluated finger length ratio type, was associated with later menarche and a shorter reproductive period. No association was found with menopausal age. Familial correlations of finger length ratio traits showed no significant correlation for spouses, however, parent-offspring (0.15―0.28, p<0.001) and sibling correlations (0.13―0.38, p<0.009) were found significant. Heritability (H2) of visual classification of finger length ratio was 0.36 for the left and 0.28 for the right hand; finger ratio was 0.55 and 0.66, respectively; the ray ratio was 0.49 and 0.59, respectively, thus indicating the existence of a clear familial aggregation of finger length ratio variation in the Chuvashian pedigrees, which cannot be explained by pure common environmental effects.

scholarly journals CNNM2-Related Disorders: Phenotype and Its Severity Were Associated With the Mode of Inheritance

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Zhang ◽  
Ye Wu ◽  
Yuwu Jiang
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Domain Variations ◽  
Type 3

CNNM2 (Cystathionine-β-synthase-pair Domain Divalent Metal Cation Transport Mediator 2) pathogenic variants have been reported to cause hypomagnesemia, epilepsy, and intellectual disability/developmental delay (ID/DD). We identified two new cases with CNNM2 novel de novo pathogenic variants, c.814T>C and c.976G>C. They both presented with infantile-onset epilepsy with DD and hypomagnesemia refractory to magnesium supplementation. To date, 21 cases with CNNM2-related disorders have been reported. We combined all 23 cases to analyze the features of CNNM2-related disorders. The phenotypes can be classified into three types: type 1, autosomal dominant (AD) inherited simple hypomagnesemia; type 2, AD inherited hypomagnesemia with epilepsy and ID/DD; and type 3, autosomal recessive (AR) inherited hypomagnesemia with epilepsy and ID/DD. All five type 1 cases had no epilepsy or ID/DD; they all had hypomagnesemia, and three of them presented with symptoms secondary to hypomagnesemia. Fifteen type 2 patients could have ID/DD and seizures, which can be controlled with antiseizure medications (ASMs); their variations clustered in the DUF21 domain of CNNM2. All three type 3 patients had seizures from 1 to 6 days after birth; the seizures were refractory, and 1/3 had status epilepticus; ID/DD in these AR-inherited cases was more severe than that of AD-inherited cases; they all had abnormalities of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Except for one patient whose serum magnesium was the lower limit of normal, others had definite hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia could be improved after magnesium supplement but could not return to the normal level. Variations in the CBS2 domain may be related to lower serum magnesium. However, there was no significant difference in the level of serum magnesium among the patients with three different types of CNNM2-related disorders. The severity of different phenotypes was therefore not explained by decreased serum magnesium. We expanded the spectrum of CNNM2 variants and classified the phenotypes of CNNM2-related disorders into three types. We found that DUF21 domain variations were most associated with CNNM2-related central nervous system phenotypes, whereas hypomagnesemia was more pronounced in patients with CBS2 domain variations, and AR-inherited CNNM2-related disorders had the most severe phenotype. These results provide important clues for further functional studies of CNNM2 and provide basic foundations for more accurate genetic counseling.

scholarly journals Global sagittal spinal alignment in patients with degenerative low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 230949901988519
Author(s):  
Hiroto Kobayashi ◽  
Kenji Endo ◽  
Yasunobu Sawaji ◽  
Yuji Matsuoka ◽  
Hirosuke Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sacral Slope ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Spinal Alignment ◽  
Sagittal Spinal Alignment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis ◽  
Lumbar Spondylolisthesis ◽  
Type 3

Purpose: Global sagittal spinal alignment undergoes changes on the basis of sagittal malalignment (trunk inclined forward) in natural degenerative progression. We hypothesized that this change would associate with the disease state of the degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DS). This study aimed to evaluate the global sagittal spinal alignment of low-grade DS by classifying in accordance with sagittal vertical axis (SVA). Methods: The DS group was classified into three types according to the adult spinal deformity classification: type 1, SVA < 40 mm; type 2, 40 mm ≤ SVA < 95 mm; and type 3, 95 mm ≤ SVA. Age and sagittal spinal parameters (thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence (PI)) were compared among three types. Results: There were statistically significant differences in age, LL, PI, and PT among the three types. In comparison between two types, there was a statistically significant difference between type 1 and type 2 and between type 1 and type 3, but not between type 2 and type 3 in these parameters. PI tended to increase as the type increases. Furthermore, there was significant difference between types 1 and 3. Conclusion: We evaluated the features of the DS types classified by sagittal alignment. Large PI is one of the risk factors for SVA deterioration of DS. PI may be involved in the onset and progression of DS.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Characteristics and Number of Bicycle–Passenger Conflicts at Bus Stops for Improving Safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingchen Yan ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Xiaofei Ye ◽  
Zhen Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Recording ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
Passenger Volume ◽  
Bus Stops ◽  
Type 3

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of bicycle–passenger conflicts at bus stops and develop a model to predict the number of conflicts accurately. This paper investigated the traffic flow operation at bus stops by video recording. Duration and distribution characteristics of bicycle–passenger conflicts were statistically analyzed. Then four types of conflicts defined based on evasive behavior (cyclist yielding as Type 1, cyclist bypassing as Type 2, passenger yielding as Type 3, and passenger bypassing as Type 4) were compared. A generalized event count (GEC) model was established for bicycle–passenger conflict estimation and analysis. The main results indicated that: (1) The average conflict duration was 1.716 s, whilst 60.9% of conflicts existed near the accesses of bus stops in longitudinal direction; (2) Type 1 conflict was significantly different from Type 2, 3, and 4 conflicts in duration, whilst the three had no significant difference; (3) the proposed GEC model showed good performance in predicting bicycle–passenger conflicts, with 15.71% of mean-absolute-percentage-error and 0.8772 of R2; and (4) bicycle volume, bus passenger volume, and passenger crossing time were critical factors impacting the number of bicycle–passenger conflicts. Finally, transport agencies may consider installing separations and crosswalks to improve the safety of the stop area.

Lactoseries carbohydrate antigen, Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R, is expressed by a subpopulation of capsaicin-sensitive rat sensory neurons

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 2192-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Del Mar ◽  
R. S. Scroggs
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Antigen ◽  
Current Amplitude ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Inward Current ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type 3

1. The membrane properties of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells expressing the lactoseries carbohydrate antigen Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R were studied and compared with those of DRG cells lacking this antigen. Acutely dissociated rat DRG cells that expressed Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R on their outer cell membranes were detected with the use of a primary monoclonal mouse IgM antibody (A5), directed against Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R, and a fluorescent secondary antibody (fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM). We found 12.8 micrograms/ml of A5 to be a saturating concentration of primary antibody that labeled approximately 19% of the DRG cells. A battery of membrane properties including action potential (AP) duration; sensitivity to capsaicin; expression of H current (IH), A current (IA), and Ca2+ current subtypes (L, N, and T); and inhibition of high-threshold Ca2+ currents by serotonin (5HT) or 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) was measured in DRG cells labeled (A5+) and unlabeled (A5-) by a saturating concentration of A5. 2. There was a significant difference in the number of capsaicin-sensitive DRG cells and a significant difference in the magnitude of the capsaicin-induced inward current in A5+ versus A5- DRG cells. Of 35 A5+ cells tested, 33 were sensitive to 1 microM capsaicin, which produced an inward current averaging 4 +/- 0.46 (SE) nA (n = 33). In contrast, only 12 of 33 A5- cells were sensitive to 1 microM capsaicin, which produced an inward current averaging 1.2 +/- 0.52 nA (n = 12). 3. There were also significant differences between A5+ and A5- cells regarding average AP duration, N- and T-type Ca2+ current amplitude, and number of cells that expressed IH and IA. A5+ cells had significantly larger N-type Ca2+ currents and expressed IA more frequently than A5- cells. Conversely, A5- cells had significantly longer AP duration and larger T-type Ca2+ currents, and expressed IH more frequently compared with A5+ cells. 4. A5+ and A5- cells differed regarding the inhibition of high-threshold Ca2+ currents by maximal concentrations of 5HT1A agonists (10 microM 5HT or 1 microM 8-OH-DPAT). Inhibition of Ca2+ currents in A5+ cells by 1 microM 8-OH-DPAT (n = 15) or 10 microM 5HT (n = 18) averaged 4 +/- 0.9%. In contrast, inhibition of Ca2+ currents in A5- cells by 10 microM 5HT (n = 33) averaged 20 +/- 3.8%. 5. Cells for which sufficient data were collected were categorized as type 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the basis of sensitivity to capsaicin and expression of IH, IA, and T-type Ca2+ current amplitude, and the distribution of A5+ and A5- cells among the various groups was observed. The categories were defined as follows: type 1 (capsaicin sensitive, no IH or IA); type 2 (capsaicin sensitive, significant IA); type 3 (capsaicin insensitive, T-type Ca2+ currents < 1 nA, significant IH but no IA); and type 4 (capsaicin insensitive, T-type Ca2+ currents > 2.4 nA). On the basis of this criteria, 6 of 15 type 1 cells and all type 2 cells (n = 19) were A5+. All type 3 cells (n = 8) and all type 4 cells (n = 11) were A5-. 6. As indicated above, the expression of the Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R antigen differentiated two subgroups of DRG cells in the type 1 category (A5+, n = 6 and A5-, n = 9). These two groups varied regarding the sensitivity of Ca2+ currents to maximally effective concentrations of 5HTIA agonists. In type 1 A5+ DRG cells, high-threshold Ca2+ currents were not significantly inhibited by 1 microM 8-OH-DPAT (average inhibition = 1.2 +/- 0.8%, n = 6). However, in type 1 A5- cells, high-threshold Ca2+ currents were reduced 47 +/- 6.0% (n = 9) by 10 microM 5HT. 7. The several significant differences in membrane properties between A5+ and A5- DRG cells suggest that the Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R antigen is expressed by a distinct subset of DRG cells, consisting predominately of type 1 and type 2 cells. The observation that most A5+ DRG cells were capsaicin sensitive suggests that the Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R antigen is expressed primarily by n

Analisis Kapasitas Galangan Kapal Ikan Untuk Memenuhi Rencana Pengadaan Kapal Ikan Hibah

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Agus Lubis Fitriansyah ◽  
Heri Supomo
Keyword(s):  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Score Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Selection Of

The government through the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries offers assistance of fishing vessel to achieve fisheries production targets. This procurement plan must be supported by the ability and selection of the right shipyard. Beacuse the information of the capability and capacity of fiber shipyards in Indonesia is unclear, so the realization of the procurement of fishing vessel in previous years did not met the planned targets. The purpose of this study was to analyze shipyard capacity to meet the planned procurement of KKP fishing vessels grant in 2019. First classification of fishing vessels is based on the size of each GT, which is 5 GT (type 1), 5-10 GT (type 2), and 20-30 GT (type 3). The second is the minimum shipyard criteria for building fishing boats. Third, an assessment of the shipyard is based on the criteria that have been made. Fourth, shipyard selection was carried out on each WPPN-RI using the load score method. The fifth calculates the number of ships that can be built by the shipyard. The results of the shipyard assessment found that 43% of shipyards have the ability to build type 1 vessels, around 38% of shipyards have the ability to build type 2 vessels, and around 19% of shipyards have the ability to build type 3 vessels. is 1625 units / period. Referring to shipyard capacity, it can be said that the entire shipyard is able to fulfill the plan to procure assistance for KKP fishing vessels in the 2019 budget year.

scholarly journals Failed Dermal Allograft Procedures in Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears Can Still Improve Pain and Function. The “Biologic Tuberoplasty Effect”

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0009
Author(s):  
Raffy Mirzayan ◽  
Michael Allan Stone ◽  
Michael Batech ◽  
Daniel Acevedo ◽  
Anshu Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Goutallier Classification ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type 3

Objectives: Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT) are a challenging problem. Dermal allografts have been used in “bridging” procedures and superior capsule reconstruction (SCR). Both have led to clinical improvement, but without correlation with post-operative imaging. The purpose of this study is to examine graft integrity on MRI in patients who underwent an SCR or bridging procedure to determine if graft integrity correlates with functional outcome. We also propose a new classification of dermal allograft re-tear on MRI. Methods: This study was approved by our IRB. Between 2006 and 2016, 11 patients (12 shoulders) underwent a bridging procedure and 10 patients underwent an SCR for MRCT with a dermal allograft by a single surgeon. The grafts were secured to the tuberosity in a double-row, trans-osseous equivalent (DR-TOE) fashion. Pre- and post-operative VAS, acromiohumeral distance (AHD), and ASES scores, and pre-operative Hamada grade and Goutallier classification were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. An MRI was obtained on all patients post-operatively to assess graft integrity. The status of the graft was divided into three types based on MRI findings: Type 1- Graft intact medially (rim of cuff or glenoid) AND laterally (greater tuberosity); Type 2- Graft intact laterally but torn medially; Type 3- Graft torn laterally. The shoulders were then grouped based on these types for further analysis. Results: The average age was 61 (range: 49-73). Average follow-up was 21.6 months (range: 8-80). Average length from surgery to MRI was 13.9 months (range: 6-80). There was a significant improvement in VAS (pre-8.1 to post-1.3) and ASES (pre-26.3 to post-84.6) in Type 1 (P<0.01) and in VAS (pre-7.0 to post-0.7) and ASES (pre-32.6 to post-91.2) in Type 2 (P<0.01). There was no difference in post-operative VAS (1.3 vs 0.7) and ASES (84.6 vs 91.2) between Type 1 and Type 2 (P=0.8). There was no improvement in VAS (pre-7.3 vs post-5.7) and ASES (pre-30.6 vs post-37.2) in Type 3. There was a significant difference in post-operative VAS (5.7 vs 1) and ASES (37.2 vs 88.1) between Type 3 versus Types 1+2, respectively (P<0.01). The AHD decreased in type 3 (pre-7.8 mm to post-3.2 mm, P=0.02) but did not change in Types 1+2 (pre-7.8 mm to post-8.0 mm, P=0.7). Conclusion: In patients who have SCR or “bridging” procedures for MRCT with a dermal allograft, there is significant improvement in VAS and ASES scores if the graft heals to the tuberosity, regardless if it is still intact to the glenoid (in SCR) or the rim of rotator cuff tendon (“bridging”). Individuals whose graft is torn from the tuberosity did not have improvement in VAS or ASES scores versus baseline. There was no significant difference in AHD in all groups. We believe that the dermal graft acts as a “biologic (interpositional) tuberoplasty,” preventing bone-to-bone contact between the tuberosity and the acromion, thus eliminating pain and improving function. We still recommend performing an SCR when indicated because it has been shown to restore the normal kinematics of the shoulder in a laboratory setting. However, careful attention should be paid to the repair of the graft to the tuberosity, so that in case the primary procedure fails medially, the graft can still improve pain and function.

scholarly journals OCENA DYMORFIZMU PŁCIOWEGO WSKAŹNIKA DŁUGOŚCI PALCÓW (2D:4D)

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Mularczyk ◽  
Angelika Ziętek-Czeszak ◽  
Zbigniew Ziętek
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Fourth Finger ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Finger Length Ratio

Introduction: Studies on many populations have shown that the length of the second finger (2D) compared to the fourth (4D), expressed as the finger length ratio (2D:4D), might be characteristic for sexual dimorphism. It was also found that the values of 2D:4D differ significantly between examined populations. It is thought that the value of 2D:4D is determined in early foetal life under the influence of genetic factors and the strong influence of sex hormones. It has been proven that the values of 2D:4D are related to, for instance, sexual orientation, and artistic and sporting ability. Recently, increasing interest in the clinical significance of finger length ratio in the diagnosis of somatic and mental disorders has been observed. For example, it was found that values of 2D:4D in individuals suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia or autism were significantly lower compared to healthy subjects. The aim of the study was to determine sexual dimorphism in finger length ratio among representatives of the Polish population.Materials and methods: The study group comprised 115 people (57 females and 58 males). Anthropometric measurements were taken from the second and fourth finger of the right and left hands – from the point of dactylion (da) to pseudophalangion (pph) using analogue callipers. We calculated the significance of differences in 2D:4D between males and females separately for the right and left hands.Results: In both hands mean 2D:4D values were lower in males than in females. The difference in the right hand reached the statistical significance level with p < 0.05.Conclusions: Among the subjects from the examined population the 2D:4D ratio shows trends characteristic for sexual dimorphism.

Curvature Biases in Stereoscopic Vision

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 287-287
Author(s):  
J Ninio
Keyword(s):  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertical Segment ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Nasal Side ◽  
Linear Elements ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type 3

The reliability of in-depth curvature judgements for linear elements was studied with stereograms that contained two linear targets and a background representing a hemisphere. The targets were arcs facing to the left or to the right, like parentheses. Some formed binocular pairs with (type 1) or without (type 2) in-depth curvature. The others were monocular (type 3). The hemisphere in the background was generated by a random curve (Ninio, 1981 Perception10 403 – 410); it was either concave (hollow) or convex. The arcs had their binocular centre in the plane of the centre of the hemisphere. Each stereogram contained a type 1, and either a type 2 or a type 3 target. Subjects had to judge the hemisphere curvature, then the in-depth curvature of the targets in 32 different stereograms covering all curvature combinations. There were about 15% errors on type 1 targets, and 80% of these occurred when both the hemisphere and the target were convex, the target being perceived as concave, by transparency through the hemisphere. There were also about 15% errors on type 2 targets, but spread among all situations, the trend being to perceive them as slightly concave. The monocular stimuli (type 3) were judged to be frontoparallel in 70% of the cases. Otherwise, there was no directional bias except for monocular arcs on the nasal side, in conjunction with a concave background. Then, the perceived in-depth curvature was in the ‘generic’ direction predicted by associating the monocular arc in one image with a straight vertical segment in the other image.

scholarly journals Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e42372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Abbott ◽  
Ricki J. Colman ◽  
Ross Tiefenthaler ◽  
Daniel A. Dumesic ◽  
David H. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Finger Length ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Finger Length Ratio

Semantic Activation by Japanese Kanji: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Hayashi ◽  
Yuriko Kayamoto ◽  
Hideki Tanaka ◽  
Jun Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
College Level ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
N400 Component ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Linguistic Units

In a character-judgment paradigm, the subject quickly pressed a key when a hiragana (Japanese syllabary) appeared on a display and did nothing when a kanji (Japanese logograph) appeared. The amplitude of the N400 component was compared when four types of visual stimuli were used: (Type 1) single kanji—Grade 1- to 3-level words, (Type 2) single kanji—Grade 1- to 3-level bound morphemes, (Type 3) single kanji—high school- and college-level bound morphemes, and (Type 4) obsolete kanji. Analysis showed that N400 was largest in the temporal-occipital areas for the Type 1 stimuli and larger in the right parietal area for Type 2 than Type 3 stimuli. The analyses of N400 to semantic stimulations have been conducted and discussed in terms of their meaningfulness, age when writing of these kanji was mastered, and linguistic status (kanji versus nonkanji). Most interestingly, the Types 3 and 4 kanji did not activate semantic responses, showing that they did not function as linguistic units, i.e., kanji, in the mental lexicon.

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