scholarly journals Effect of Wax Esters as Friction modifiers in petroleum base stock

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmishtha Khalkar ◽  
DiptiNarayan Bhowmick ◽  
Amit Pratap
Keyword(s):  
Wax Esters ◽  
Base Stock ◽  
Friction Modifiers

scholarly journals Corrosion Characteristics of Rolling Oil on the Rolled Copper Foil

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4933
Author(s):  
Lei Xia ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Shen Zhao ◽  
Sang Xiong ◽  
Zhengyi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Copper Foil ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Base Stock ◽  
Friction Modifiers ◽  
Rolling Oil ◽  
Lower Corrosion Rate ◽  
Rolled Copper Foil

Static corrosion experiments were carried out to investigate the corrosion of each kind of component in the rolling oil on the rolled copper foil. The surface morphology and chemical composition of corrosion products were detected by a digital camera, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the maximum corrosion rate of rolled copper foil in the base stock and friction modifiers (butyl stearate and dodecanol) was close to zero, while that of rolled copper foil in the N-containing borate, phosphate and the fully formulated rolling oil were 0.17, 1.12 and 0.78 mm/a, respectively. The color of rolled copper foil changing from pink into purple-black when corroded in the N-containing borate. The composition of it was mainly CuO and Cu2O with some N-containing borate adsorbed on it. However, the color and composition of the corroded copper foil in the phosphate were similar to that of the original copper foil. It was complicated for the corroded copper foil in the fully formulated rolling oil, which showed characteristics both in the N-containing borate and in the phosphate according to different positions. It indicated that there might be little corrosion for the base stock and friction modifiers on the rolled copper foil. It might mainly be extreme pressure additives (N-containing borate and phosphate) that caused the corrosion of rolled copper foil. There might be competition between N-containing borate and phosphate for the corrosion of rolled copper foil in the fully formulated rolling oil, resulting in a lower corrosion rate compared with that in the phosphate.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Effect of Fatty Acid Amides as Friction Modifiers in Petroleum Base Stock

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 901-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmishtha Khalkar ◽  
DiptiNarayan Bhowmick ◽  
Amit Pratap
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Base Stock ◽  
Friction Modifiers ◽  
Fatty Acid Amides

scholarly journals Inventory decision in a periodic review inventory model with two complementary products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Poormoaied
Keyword(s):  
Approximation Algorithm ◽  
Explicit Expression ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Expected Profit ◽  
Base Stock ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Complementary Products ◽  
Demand Processes

AbstractInteraction effect across complementary products plays an important role in characterizing the optimal inventory policy. The inventory levels of complementary products are interrelated due to interaction between demand streams. In this paper, we consider a periodic review base-stock policy in the presence of two complementary products with interrelated demands and joint replenishment. Demands are modeled by a Poisson process and any unmet demand is lost. Demands can be in sets of one unit of each or jointly. If an arrival demand requests two products jointly and one of the products is not in stock, then the whole demand is lost. We aim to investigate how this interrelated demand phenomenon influences the optimal base-stock levels and the period length of a periodic review policy. We utilize the renewal reward theorem to derive the explicit expression of the expected profit rate in the system. The goal is to determine the optimal period length and the base-stock levels such that the expected profit rate is maximized. Enumeration and approximation algorithms are employed to find the optimal and near-optimal solutions, respectively. The approximation algorithm is based on a scenario with independent demand processes which results in an explicit expression for the long-run profit per time unit and leads to analytical solutions for optimal policies. Our numerical results reveal that the solutions obtained by the approximation algorithm are close to optimal solutions. Numerical experiences show that the maximum profit in the system is achieved if the proportion of customers with jointly demand increases. Moreover, the interaction effect between demand processes has a significant impact on the control policy performance when the units lost sales and unit holding costs are high, and the demand rare is low.

scholarly journals Do minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) digest wax esters?

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling S. Nordøy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
Minke Whales

Mammals are known to utilize wax esters with an efficiency of less than 50%. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), which at times may eat considerable amounts of wax-ester-rich krill, represent an exception to this general pattern. Samples of fresh undigested forestomach, as well as colon, contents were obtained from minke whales (n5) that had been feeding on krill (Thysanoessa inermis) for some time. The samples were analysed for dry mass, energy density, lipid content and the major lipid classes, including wax esters. The concentrations of wax esters were compared with previous estimates of dry-matter disappearance of the same type of prey using anin vitrotechnique, to calculate the dry-matter digestibility of wax esters (DMDwax). Wax esters contributed 21% of the energy and 47% of total lipids in the krill diet. The energy density of gut contents decreased by 50% after their passage from forestomach to the end of the colon. The DMDwaxwas 94·1 (SD 2·8)% (n5). This high DMDwaxand the occurrence of fatty alcohols, one of the products of wax-ester hydrolysis, in faeces show that minke whales are very efficient digesters of wax esters and absorb most of the energy-rich products of this process.

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