scholarly journals Inhalation risk assessment of naphthalene emitted from deodorant balls in public toilets

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. e2019005
Author(s):  
Yerin Jung ◽  
Pil-Gon Kim ◽  
Jung-Hwan Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Public Toilets ◽  
Inhalation Risk

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment associated with contaminants in the finest fraction of sidewalk dust collected in proximity to trafficked roads

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Adamiec ◽  
Elżbieta Jarosz-Krzemińska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Dermal Contact ◽  
Exposure Pathways ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Inhalation Risk

Abstract The objective of the study was to determine concentration of metals in sidewalk dust collected in close vicinity to heavily congested roads in Poland in order to assess non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk for both children and adults associated with the ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of sidewalk dust. Results revealed that sidewalk dust from Warsaw, Krakow, Wroclaw and Opole is heavily contaminated especially with Sb, Se, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, considered as indicators of traffic emission. Hazardous indices determined for different exposure pathways indicated that the greatest health risk for both children and adults is associated with the ingestion of sidewalk dust. Carcinogenic risk associated with the ingestion of sidewalk dust by children, calculated for As, Cd, Ni and Pb exceeded safe level of 1 × 10−4 in all cities except for Warsaw. Non-carcinogenic risk of ingestion for children was two orders of magnitude higher than dermal risk and four to five orders of magnitude higher than risk of inhalation. Non-carcinogenic risk associated with the ingestion of sidewalk dust by adults is comparable with dermal contact risk and five orders of magnitude higher when inhalation risk.

Spatial and seasonal trends of polychlorinated dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in air using passive and active samplers and inhalation risk assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 979-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Francisco ◽  
Adelaide Cassia Nardocci ◽  
Maria Yumiko Tominaga ◽  
Camila Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
João Vicente de Assunção
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Inhalation Risk

scholarly journals Effects of face masks and ventilation on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory transmission in public toilets: a quantitative microbial risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thammanitchpol Denpetkul ◽  
Oranoot Sittipunsakda ◽  
Monchai Pumkaew ◽  
Skorn Mongkolsuk ◽  
Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
List Type ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Public Toilets

AbstractPublic toilets could increase the risk of COVID-19 infection via airborne transmission; however, related research is limited. We aimed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection risk through respiratory transmission using a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework by retrieving SARS-CoV-2 concentrations from the swab tests of 251 Thai patients. Three virus-generating scenarios were investigated: an infector breathing, breathing with a cough, and breathing with a sneeze. Infection risk (97.5th percentile) was as high as 10−3 with breathing and increased to 10−1 with a cough or sneeze, thus all higher than the risk benchmark of 5 × 10−5 per event. No significant gender differences for toilet users (receptors) were noted. The highest risk scenario of breathing and a sneeze was further evaluated for risk mitigation measures. Risk mitigation to lower than the benchmark succeeded only when the infector and receptor simultaneously wore an N95 respirator or surgical mask and when the receptor wore an N95 respirator and the infector wore a denim fabric mask. Ventilation up to 20 air changes per hour (ACH), beyond the 12-ACH suggested by the WHO, did not mitigate risk. Virus concentration, volume of expelled droplets, and receptor dwell time were identified as the main contributors to transmission risk.Highlights-The use of public toilets poses a risk of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory transmission-Highest risks generated in the order of sneezing, coughing, and breathing-No gender differences in risk by counteracting dwell times and inhalation rates-Ventilation did not reduce risk even at 20 ACH, beyond the WHO-recommended value-N95 and surgical masks offer the most effective risk mitigation to toilet usersGraphical abstract

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