scholarly journals Nidarneset før Nidaros

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-74
Author(s):  
Julian P. Cadamarteri ◽  
Christopher McLees, ◽  
Anna Petersén ◽  
Ian Reed
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Settlement History ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

This article presents and discusses the range of prehistoric archaeological material derived from excavations in the medieval town of Trondheim. The town grew up on Nidarneset, a low-lying peninsula located at the point where the River Nid enters Trondheim Fjord. It became the site of Nidaros kaupang during the 10th century, but recent archaeological finds document the presence of an agrarian settlement since the early Pre-Roman Iron Age at c. 1500 BC. The Iron Age population lived in a natural environment created by combined formation processes throughout the period, including isostatic recovery, alluvial deposition and a landslide which covered part of the peninsula with a thick body of clay. The archaeological material is presented in the context of this dynamic process, demonstrating the close interaction of natural processes and human actors in the formation and use of the landscape. The settlement history is discussed in the wider context of local and regional developments during the Iron Age. The article’s chief aim is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the settlement history of Nidarneset throughout the Iron Age, and to offer some tentative suggestions regarding how this may have contributed to the context in which the urban centre emerged.

scholarly journals Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer) new to the Czech Republic and to Spain (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Laštůvka ◽  
Aleš Laštůvka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Habitat Requirements ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Southern France ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

Synanthedon mesiaeformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846) has been found in the Czech Republic and in Spain for the first time. The species was found in the south-easternmost part of the Czech Republic, near the town of Břeclav (faunistic quadrat 7267) in May 2008. The holes and pupae were found only in one, solitary growing group of trees about 20 years old. This finding place lies at a distance of more than 250 km from the localities in SW Hungary and about 550 km from the localities in eastern Poland. In June 2008, the species was found also in alders growing in the flat river alluvium on gravel sands between La Jonquera and Figueres in northern Catalonia. This locality is in a close contact with the fin­ding places near Perpignan and Beziers in southern France. The diagnostic morphological characters and bionomics of this species are briefly summarized and figured. The history of its distribution research is recapitulated and the causes of its disjunct range are discussed as follows. The present disjunct range represents a residual of the former distribution over the warmer and moister postglacial period; landscape modifications and elimination of solitary alder trees as „weeds“ from the 18th up to the mid-20th century in large areas of Europe; narrow and partly unknown habitat requirements and specific population ethology; an insufficient level of faunistic investigations in several parts of sou­thern and eastern Europe.

Roman Lincoln, 1953

1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
High Street ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

The excavations carried out by the Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee during 1953 dealt with two sites of a very different nature, although of the same period. Yet together they provide a useful illustration of the two principal aspects of the history of Roman Lincoln and also of two types of archaeological investigation demanded in an urban centre. The first excavation, in East Bight, was deliberately undertaken in an attempt to find answers to certain problems relating to the early military and quasi-military occupation of Lincoln and was excavated methodically and without haste; the second was a hasty examination during building operations at no. 292 High Street where a structure, apparently connected with the communal life of the town in its later period of expansion, demanded immediate investigation, without the opportunity for unhurried and detailed examination.The first excavations of the Research Committee, in 1945–6, at Westgate and North Row (fig. 2), resolved once and for all the question of the general siting of the Claudian fortress of the Ninth Legion and, in particular, demonstrated that on north and west the legionary defences underlay those of the later Colonia. These conclusions suggested the possibility that the defences might similarly coincide on south and east also, where the line of the Colonia wall was known; but, as Professor I. A. Richmond pointed out, if this was so, the area of the legionary fortress would only have been approximately 42 acres whereas a minimum of 50 acres might have been expected.

scholarly journals Zasób archiwum oraz biblioteki parafii św. Katarzyny w Wolbromiu

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
Konrad Kołodziejczyk
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

Resources of the archive and library of Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom The article tries to take a closer look at the history of the archive and library of Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom, describe the local conditions and briefly characterise the archival resources and library collection. The parish archive and library, originally part of the monastery, in Wolbrom have previously been the subject of only a few studies. Saint Catherine’s parish in Wolbrom was founded in the first half of the 14th century. At the beginning of the 1620s, it was handed over to the Canons Regular of the Lateran from the Corpus Christi Church in Kazimierz near Krakow. The first printed books almost certainly arrived in the town together with the founding of the parish, while the oldest mention of the parish book collection in Wolbrom comes from 1566. In the following centuries, the collection was successively enriched with donations from benefactors and the clergy. The main users of the collection were almost certainly the monks themselves, the heads of the parish schools and pupils. The rich collection in the parish library was not, however, always respected, especially in the 18th century when, after an inspection, attention was drawn to the terrible conditions in the library. Many valuable parts of the collection were also destroyed during wars and invasions. The Wolbrom parish archive was mentioned for the first time in the second half of the 17th century. Initially, the archive was located in the chambers of the prior, then in the monastery library above the church sacristy. The resources of the archive mainly include parish registers. Most of the documentation comes from the time of the partitions. The parish archive also contains documents not connected with the activities of the parish. There is even a royal document from the time of Stanislaw II August Poniatowski concerning the local guild of furriers. The observations carried out in the archive and library allow important recommendations to be made concerning the safeguarding of the collection with suitable storage conditions.

scholarly journals Karasubazar: Historical Topography of the City of the Crimean Khanate in the 16th-18th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Sergei G. Bocharov
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Planning History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The article covers the main points of the town-planning history of Karasubazar, the city of the Crimean khanate, and, most importantly, offers a graphic reconstruction of its master plan for the last quarter of the 18th century, the final stage of the state’s existence. Reconstruction of the historical topography of the late medieval city was carried out for the first time on the basis of three types of sources – written, cartographic, and archaeological. All the basic elements of the city’s historical topography as well as the plan of quarterly residential development and a network of streets are reconstructed. Characteristic features of the location of the quarters inhabited by the Greek, Armenian and Jewish population among the main population of the Tatar inhabitants are revealed. City mosques, bathhouses, fountains supplying the citizens with water, hotels-caravanserais, shopping malls, and production workshops are localized. It is found out that Karasubazar was the second largest settlement in the state, its capital Bakhchisarai being the largest one. By the final stage of the Crimean khanate’s existence the area of the urban development of Karasubazar was 109.0 hectares

Verulamium Again

1938 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
R. E. M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town

The excavation of Verulamium in the years 1930–4 originated in a coincidence of archaeological need and local opportunity. The former, at this late date, needs no elaboration; the latter, it may be recalled, lay in the acquisition, by the Borough of St. Albans, of the southern half of the walled site, now known to have taken shape in the second century A.D. A central area within the new Corporation property accordingly remained for three years the main focus of the excavations, supplemented by an intensive examination of the town-defences, including two wall-towers and three gateways, of which two lay on property retained by Lord Verulam.Archaeologically, the problem confronting the excavators was twofold: to establish (for the first time) the outlines of the economic history of a major Romano-British town deep-set in the 'lowland zone'; and to determine the relationship, topographically and culturally, of the successive Belgic and Roman settlements. It was a familiar fact that Verulamium had held an important royal mint at the beginning of the first century A.D., and, whether the term municipium applied by Tacitus to the town in A.D. 61 be taken at face-value or no, the chance of observing the growth of a first-class Roman city out of a first-class pre-Roman one was unsurpassed on any other site. It was, therefore, essential that the exploration of a part of the Roman city should be accompanied by a systematic search for its predecessor.

scholarly journals On the Lookout: Directional Visibility Cones and Defense in the Nebo Region, West-Central Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-18
Author(s):  
Steven Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
West Central ◽  
Central Jordan ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Town

AbstractThis article uses directional visibility analysis to assess the defensibility of two Iron Age (9th–8th cent. BCE) sites from the Nebo region of west-central Jordan: the fortified town of Khirbat al-Mukhayyat and its adjacent watchtower at Rujm al-Mukhayyat. Directional visibility cones illustrate how the improved viewsheds afforded by the watchtower at Rujm al-Mukhayyat were needed to establish line of sight between Khirbat al-Mukhayyat and other settlements located higher up on the Transjordanian plateau. Without the addition of the watchtower, Khirbat al-Mukhayyat would have been cut off from direct communication with nearby towns at Hesban and Ma’in. Despite the increased visibility provided by the watchtower at Rujm al-Mukhayyat, Khirbat al-Mukhayyat retained limited capacity to monitor movement to the south in the vicinity of Ma’in. Further, it could not establish direct visual contact with the important urban centre at Madaba to the southeast. These findings may have implications for understanding the military strategy adopted by the Moabite king Mesha in his mid-9th century BCE campaign against the Town of Nebo, identified with Khirbat al-Mukhayyat.

scholarly journals Town-Planning Conception of the Livadia Palace and Park Ensemble

2018 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Inessa N. Slyunkova
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Support Service ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
National Romanticism ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town

The work is devoted to the town-planning heritage of Livadia. For the first time, relying on the graphic design sources of the 1860s and the turn of the XIX - XX centuries, the history of the formation of the ensemble of the new and second after Oreanda imperial residence in the Crimea is revealed. The content and characteristics of the imperial private order in post-reform Russia are considered. The central place is occupied by the design of the ensemble, its functional structure and boundaries, the architectural and spatial development of the territories, the principles of planning and development the issues of park construction and the use of the naturallandscape.In the era of historicism and national romanticism, a new trend in the arrangement of the privatelife of Russian monarchs was the appeal to the examples and traditions of the Russian aristocratic manor. The estate of Livadia, with the established complex of a noble manor, was bought by Alexander II from the heirs of Count L.S. Pototsky and presented to the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The subject of the study is the town-planning transformation aimed at adapting and further developing the ensemble in order to accommodate the royal famty, the court the retinue, and the extensive system of services.Livadia reconstruction can be divided into two stages. The first is connected with the most intensive transformations of the environment carried out in 1862-1866 undertheleadership of I.A. Monighetti. The architect proposed the concept of a dispersed system of resettlement and placement of new building complexes outside the front of the estate core - auxiliary household military and other services of the residence. An integral part of the plan was road construction and development of infrastructure along with new sections of territories within the boundaries ofland ownershipThe second stage of active construction in Livadia occurred in 1869 - the beginning of the 1880s, and it was mainty directed to social programs. It was the erection of the second church of the estate in the midst of settlement complexes for personnel of the residence services; school for 120 people, etc. The principles of park construction extended to each of the peripheral sections and complexes. The system of water supp^ along with the engineering and technical support service of the estate and surrounding settlements were created. Livadia resembled a city-residence and a city-garden.For the first time the general plans of Livadia that reveal the scale of architectural transformations during the period of possession of the royal family are published.

Mediterranean Urbanization 800-600 BC

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Town

Urban life as we know it in the Mediterranean began in the early Iron Age: settlements of great size and internal diversity appear in the archaeological record. This collection of essays offers a systematic discussion of the beginnings of urbanization across the Mediterranean, from Cyprus, through Greece and Italy, to France and Spain. Scholars in the field look critically at what is meant by urbanization, and analyse the social processes that lead to the development of social complexity and the growth of towns. The introduction to the book focuses on the history of the archaeology of urbanization and argues that proper understanding of the phenomenon demands loose and flexible criteria for what is termed a ‘town’. The following eight chapters examine the development of individual settlements and patterns of urban settlement in Cyprus, Greece, Etruria, Latium, southern Italy, Sardinia, southern France, and Spain. These chapters not only provide a general review of current knowledge of urban settlements of this period, but also raise significant issues of urbanization and the economy, urbanization and political organization, and of the degree of regionalism and diversity to be found within individual towns. The three analytical chapters which conclude this collection look more broadly at the town as a cultural phenomenon that has to be related to wider cultural trends, as an economic phenomenon that has to be related to changes in the Mediterranean economy, and as a dynamic phenomenon, not merely a point on the map.

scholarly journals Finds of Artifacts from the Charyshsky District of the Altai Territory

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-60
Author(s):  
Grushin S. ◽  
◽  
Afanasieva E. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The paper is devoted to the generalization and characterization of random finds from the territory of the Charyshsky district of the Altai Territory. The summary includes both previously published items and new artifacts, information about which was received by the authors during the archaeological research of the Ust-Teplaya burial ground in 2020. The collection of artifacts published for the first time consists of three items. This is a double-headed iron psalium with sculptural design of the tips in the form of the heads of mythical birds with an elongated beak, a horn double-headed psalium and a bronze knife with a ring pommel. These items supplement the body of random finds from the area under consideration, which includes items already published in the scientific literature, such as stone drilled axes belonging to the Afanasyevo culture of the Eneolithic era of the 31st — 27th centuries BC, stone mace pommel and bronze dagger of the early and Middle Bronze period of the 22nd — 15th centuries BC and bronze bits of the Early Scythian time of the 8th — 6th centuries BC. The paper also presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of a metal knife and bit, which showed that the objects were cast from a copper-tin alloy. The analyzed artifacts, random finds from the territory of the Charyshsky district of the Altai Territory, reflect various historical and cultural stages of the development of the population of Northern Altai. The artifacts add to the collection of archaeological sources on the ancient history of the region, from the Eneolithic to the early Middle Ages inclusively. Keywords: random finds, artifacts, psalia, bits, knife and dagger, mace pommel, stone axes, Eneolithic, Afanasiev culture, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Early Scythian time, Pazyryk culture, Early Middle Ages

scholarly journals Boots and spurs: symbolic items of Russian cavalry in the reminiscences of Russian cavalrymen

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Bella Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
First Time

The subject of this research is the artifacts of material culture of Russian cavalry as a specific form with the capacity of symbolic and semantic content. The goal of this work lies in comprehensive examination of the process of symbolization of certain forms of material culture of Russian cavalry. The research employs archaeological material, historical journalism, memoir literature, including the works of the representatives of white émigré, such as Russian military-historical magazine “Le passé militaire” (Paris, 1952-1974) and literary-publicistic “The New Journal”. For obvious reasons, emphasis is placed on the symbolism and semantic aspect of the problem, despite a fair share of nostalgization and mythologization of historical reality. Most common principles ofresearch methodology are based on the culturological concepts of the representatives of Moscow-Tartu Semiotic School of Y. M. Lotman, B. A. Uspensky (reinterpretation of the Russian cultural history in the context of binary opposition), and V. N. Toporov (reconstruction of the archetypes of Russian culture). First and foremost, it refers to the possibilities of semiotic approach towards history, the object of analysis of which is interrelated historical texts and historical contexts. Such perspective on the problem has not been previously articulated in the historical culturology and history of culture. The history of material culture of the Russian cavalryman is described from the standpoint of culturological methodology of cognition for the first time. The conclusion is made that the process of poetization, mythologization, and symbolization of items of the Russian cavalry received demand in the extreme conditions of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries (the last years of the empire). The acquired results can be applied in the sphere of museology, which is focused not only in preservation of the artifact of material and intellectual culture, but also on fulfillment of their historical-cultural potential and historical uniqueness to the maximum.

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