scholarly journals The Second-Century Šīʿite Ġulāt: Were They Really Gnostic?

1970 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Tamima Bayhom-Daou
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past

This paper questions the suggestion of our sources that gnostic currents had already appeared among Šīʿites by the early second/eighth century. It contends that gnosticism did not surface in Šīʿism until the third/ninth century and that our information on its existence among second-century Šīʿites is the result of retrospective ascription to groups and individuals who, on account of their (real or alleged) messianic beliefs, had already been identified by moderate Imāmīs as ġulāt. That information would have served to distance Imāmism and its imāms from gnostic teachings by associating those teachings with repudiated figures from the past. The paper examines evidence showing that in his work on firaq Hišām b. al-Ḥakam (d. 179/795) was not aware of the existence of gnostic ideas in Šīʿism. Other examined evidence also shows that references to gnostic ġuluww are conspicuous by their absence from sources on Šīʿism that are datable to before the third/ ninth century.

Authorship and Unity of the Classical Arabic Poem through the Lens of Collaborative Composition

Arabica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-59
Author(s):  
Erez Naaman
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Fair Game ◽  
Cultural Domain ◽  
Classical Arabic

Abstract When a classical Arabic poem lacked a noticeable degree of thematic coherence and formal structure, it was at risk of foreign intervention aiming to improve it. Who was recognized in such a case as the author of the poem and on which grounds? This article looks at the interrelated questions of the poem’s unity and its authorship through the lens of collaborative poetry that was practiced by completing verse composed in the past. It presents an analysis of poetic collaboration cases from the second/eighth century to the Ayyubid era, and discusses different practical approaches of poets to authorship questions related to the earlier source poem and their own later completion. In the third/ninth century, as an expansive reservoir of ancient and modern poems became increasingly available, we occasionally notice the marks of plagiary, rather than forgery, on collaborative poems of this type. At the same time, and based on this very expansion, kinds of legitimate poetic influence can be detected in the completions of the later poets. Remarkably, poetic intervention did not cease and the poem conceptually did not achieve an inviolable status, when the scholars replaced the transmitters as the authorities on poetry around the third/ninth century and throughout the period under study. Nevertheless, the cultural domain for reshaping earlier verse changed, and the repertoire of poetry considered as “fair game” for this practice was narrowed down based on quality considerations.

scholarly journals THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE MAJORITY STATE (184296AH/800909AD) HISTORICAL STUDY ‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 375-386
Author(s):  
Wafaa Ahmed MUSTAFA‎
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Islamic Civilization

Since the end of the second century AH-AD eighth century AD the ‎Islamic Maghreb witnessed the establishment of in dependent states in ‎all its parts in the lower Morocco the Aghlabid state was established and ‎the sons of Aghlabid were from an ancient Family that ruled Africa ‎throughout the third AH-ninth century AD founded by Ibrahim bin AI-‎Aghlab bin Salem AI- Tamimi who was confirmed by the year 184AH-‎‎800AD the pages of this research have been included within the ‎framework of the study of Islamic systems as they are among the most ‎important systems that contributed to building Islamic civilization as well ‎as providing security and achieving just and equality between the states ‎and peoples of the Islamic Maghreb so that the Islamic state knew its ‎security by the strength of its judicial is considered one of the most ‎prominent purpose of Islamic Sharia and the first goal that the rulers of ‎states seek to implement and to know the most prominent various ‎organization as well as the role of judges and the approach they ‎followed in applying the provisions of this system and what are its ‎legitimacy and conditions for its assumption the research is divided into ‎three main axes the first included the definition of the judiciary ‎linguistically and idiomatically and the emergence and development of ‎the judiciary in the majority state AS for the second axis it referred to the ‎appointment and dismissal of judges as well as their assistants while the ‎third axis talked about the institution of the majority judiciary which ‎included grievances the calculation and the police and the research came ‎out with a sent of important conclusions‎‎‎. Keywords: The Judiciary, The Aghlabids, The Lower Morocco‎.

The Date of the Kapara Period at Gozan (Tell Halaf)

1956 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Official Publication ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Third Millennium

Ever since the discovery of the Palace of Kapara by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, there has been a debate—often acrimonious—with respect to its date. As late as 1934 there was a variation of some two millennia among active discussants. With the death of Ernst Herzfeld, who stood out until the end for a date in the third millennium, the debate seems to have closed, at least for the time being. In 1954 the late H. Frankfort came out explicitly for a date during the ninth century, preferably in its second half, for the age of Kapara. The same date, though with a higher upper limit, was maintained by A. Moortgat in the official publication of the sculpture of Gozan which appeared the following year. K. Galling had all along favoured such a dating, which he now espouses without reservation. The present writer has also maintained a date between 1100 and 900, concentrating for the past fifteen years on the tenth century.

The Doctrinal Development of “Maraḍ Al-Mawt” in the Formative Period of Islamic Law

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-358
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yanagihashi
Keyword(s):  
Classical Theory ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sick Person ◽  
Doctrinal Development ◽  
The Moment

AbstractMuslim jurists were at first reluctant to place restrictions on gratuitous dispositions by a dying person. During the first quarter of the second century/second quarter of the eighth century, however, they created a concept of “a sickness causing a fear of death” (al-maraḍ al-mukhawwif) to safeguard the interests of heirs and creditors. They did so by introducing the principle that a gratuitous disposition made by a sick person for the purpose of modifying the inheritance rules should be subject to the bequest restrictions. At the same time, Muslim jurists permitted the wife divorced by her dying husband to inherit from him by according her, retrospectively, inheritance rights at the moment when her husband contracted a sickness which led irrevocably to his death. By the end of the third quarter of the second century/end of the eighth century, the jurists had combined these two definitions of sickness to form the classical theory of death-sickness (Maraḍ Al-Mawt).

scholarly journals Who lived around Mecca during the 7th and 8th centuries: المجاورون في مكة في القرنين السابع والثامن للهجرة

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadia Abdel Rahman Al - Balawi
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

Mecca has received the sanctity and place in the hearts of Muslims a lot of different writings that covered various political and cultural aspects of its history through different ages, yet we note through our study that Mecca, despite its great importance, but the sources of Islamic history were keen on The history of Mecca since the time of the Prophet peace be upon him until the middle of the second century AH, on the day of Mecca was the center of political activity and scientific alike, and then began to diminish this concern, especially since the beginning of the third century AH, these sources are no longer provide us only a little Nazer focused primarily On The history of religious Mecca, such as the pilgrimage to people and so on, rarely refer to the aspects of political life, economic and civilization of this country, but this little information with the written historian Makkah Azraqi and Fakhi in the third century, provides the researcher important information about the history of Mecca during the first three centuries, Historians Azraqi in the year 250 AH and Fakhi in the year 280 AH entered the history of Mecca in the almost forgotten, and surrounded by the mystery, which lasted for five centuries, that the rule of God has a historian of its children in the eighth century AH is Taqi al-Din Fassi Fassi felt the vacuum experienced by historians Mecca m A drive on the classification of books bosses (precious decade) and (healing gram), two of the most important books that relied upon in my study of the neighboring Mecca, and given the importance of this layer (Majaoron) in Mecca society and its substantial role in which it has signed an optional on this subject to search.

scholarly journals The Role of Yemenis in the Berber Revolution in Morocco during the Umayyad Era «122-132 AH / 739-749 AD»

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Saeed Naji Ghalib Qaid Iskander
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate ◽  
The Revolution

This research aims to highlight the role of Yemenis in the revolution of the Berbers that erupted at the beginning of the third decade of the second century AH / eighth century AD, and involved most of the parts of Morocco. The study examined the conditions that contributed to the involvement of Yemenis in that revolution, and then traced and monitored their roles in it. The study relied, on the whole, on in-depth reading of the sources that made the foundation of this research. The results show that Yemenis took up varied and diverse roles. Some were supporters and contributed effectively to this revolution. While others remained in support of the Umayyad Caliphate, and made great efforts to quell the revolution. 

Opus Salomonis: Sorting Out Solomon’s Scattered Treasure

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-378
Author(s):  
Allegra Iafrate
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
The Temple

The present contribution discusses the known occurrences of the expression opus Salomonis in medieval art and literature. The goal is to regroup together the textual occurrences presented in the past by various scholars, in order to show how the application of the expression differs across different contexts. Most of these Solomonic references depend on the initial topos of the furnishing of the Temple of Jerusalem but they act in different ways and should be understood according to three main lines of interpretation. The first, which is possible to date around the sixth century ce, depends on a tradition that mentions a series of objects that are literally considered as coming from the treasure of Solomon. The second interpretation, strictly related to the former, but whose earliest mention is an eighth-century source, shows us a shift toward bronze objects that evoke the context of the Temple for their technique of realization. The third reference, probably developed between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in a French, lay, cultural context, deals instead with the working technique of hard and precious materials, especially ivory.

Early Shiite hermeneutics and the dating of Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-103
Author(s):  
Robert Gleave
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Current Form

AbstractThe Kitāb Sulaym ibn Qays, a collection of sayings attributed to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, was supposedly collected by the (otherwise unknown) Sulaym b. Qays al-Hilālī (d. 76/678); the work is generally recognized as an important source for early Shīʿī thought. There has been much debate, both within the Shīʿī tradition and outside of it, over when its contents reached their current form and how representative they were of Shīʿī views in the early centuries of Islam. Here, I take one passage from the Kitāb Sulaym and set it against the development of early Muslim hermeneutics in an attempt to establish a tentative dating for this passage. The result is a dating between late eighth century ce (second century ah) and the early ninth century ce (early third century ah), roughly contemporary with, and perhaps postdating the revolutionary hermeneutic work of Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (d. 204/820). This conclusion tallies, to some extent, with an analysis of the report's various isnāds.

In the king’s shadow: Petitioner-donors of eighth–ninth century Pāla copper plate land grant charters

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-476
Author(s):  
Sanjukta Datta
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Balance ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Land Grants ◽  
The Third ◽  
Property Transfers ◽  
The One

Six early copper plate charters of the Pāla dynasty of eastern India introduce petitioners requesting the reigning king to grant tax-free land to either a Buddhist monastery or a temple of Viṣṇu or Śiva established by them. The structure and content of such charters are similar to yet somewhat distinct from contemporary copper plates recording direct land grants made by the Pāla kings. By analysing the representation of petitioners in different segments of a copper plate inscription, the article shows that they are the primary donors seeking the king’s ratification of property transfers made by them. Consequently, in acknowledgement of their role in the donative act, the term petitioner-donors has been coined to refer to them. What enriches the group of Pāla petitioner-donors is the presence of both royal and private individuals, one of whom was the ruler of a Southeast Asian kingdom. On the basis of the profile of the six petitioner-donors, the article classifies them into three distinct categories, each of which registered its donative activity at a different locus within the Pāla domain. A comparative analysis of the eulogies (praśastis) of the petitioner-donors shows how the power balance was worked out between them, on the one hand, and the Pāla kings from Dharmapāla to Gopāla II, on the other, in the period between the late eighth century and the third quarter of the ninth century.

The Beginnings of the ḥanafī School in Iṣfahān

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Tsafir
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Law School ◽  
Early Date ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Town

AbstractThis essay, based mainly on two early Iṣfahānī biographical dictionaries, describes the introduction of the ḥanafī school to Iṣfahān. I argue that although schools of ḥadīth had a long history in Iṣfahān, the ḥanafī law school was also represented there from an early date. The ḥanafī legal method was practiced in the town around the middle of the second/eighth century, and ḥadīth on the authority of Abū ḥanīfa, transmitted to Iṣfahānī scholars through Abū ḥanīfa's pupil Zufar b. al-Hudhayl, started to circulate there around the same time. By the beginning of the third/ninth century a significant ḥanafī community had developed in Iṣfahān, and although schools of ḥadīth continued to be influential there, the Iṣfahānī ḥanafī community survived into the fourth/tenth century and was strengthened by the Saljūqs in the fifth/eleventh century and thereafter.

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