scholarly journals Contribution of Xpert® MTB/RIF to tuberculosis case finding among pregnant women in Botswana

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
S. G. Hamda ◽  
J. G. Tshikuka ◽  
D. Joel ◽  
V. Setlhare ◽  
G. Monamodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Tuberculosis Case ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Screening Algorithm ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Hiv Negative

Setting: Seven health facilities with antenatal care (ANC) clinics in two districts near Gaborone, Botswana.Objectives: To determine 1) the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV-TB co-infection in pregnancy, and 2) the sensitivities of symptomatic TB screening and Xpert testing against gold standard culture.Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Pregnant women were randomly enrolled and screened using TB symptoms. HIV status was determined from ANC clinics’ client records. Two sputum specimens were collected from all clients and each was tested using Xpert® and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Results: Of 407 cases, eight had one or more TB symptoms, and all tested negative with Xpert® and culture. Another two (0.5%, 95%CI 0.08–1.96) asymptomatic clients tested positive with both tests. The adjusted TB prevalence was higher than that of the general population (0.6% vs. 0.24%; P < 0.001). The prevalence of TB among HIV-positive and HIV-negative clients was 1/69 (1.45%, 95%CI 0.29–2.61) and 1/336 (0.3%, 95%CI 0.23–0.83), respectively (Fisher’s exact test P = 0.312). Xpert® demonstrated a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while symptom screening had 0.0% sensitivity and 98% specificity.Conclusions: TB prevalence among pregnant women was high and TB symptom screening had limited ability to detect TB. An alternative TB screening algorithm for pregnant women is urgently needed irrespective of TB symptoms.

scholarly journals Missed opportunities for tuberculosis investigation in a municipal hospital in Ghana: evidence from patient exit interviews

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce B Der ◽  
Daniel J Grint ◽  
Clement T Narh ◽  
Frank Bonsu ◽  
Alison D Grant
Keyword(s):  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Symptom Duration ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Night Sweats

Abstract Background We assessed coverage of symptom screening and sputum testing for tuberculosis (TB) in hospital outpatient clinics in Ghana. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled adults (≥18 years) exiting the clinics reporting ≥1 TB symptom (cough, fever, night sweats or weight loss). Participants reporting a cough ≥2 weeks or a cough of any duration plus ≥2 other TB symptoms (per national criteria) and those self-reporting HIV-positive status were asked to give sputum for testing with Xpert MTB/RIF. Results We enrolled 581 participants (median age 33 years [IQR: 24–48], 510/581 [87.8%] female). The most common symptoms were fever (348, 59.9%), chest pain (282, 48.5%) and cough (270, 46.5%). 386/581 participants (66.4%) reported symptoms to a healthcare worker, of which 157/386 (40.7%) were eligible for a sputum test per national criteria. Only 31/157 (19.7%) had a sputum test requested. Thirty-two additional participants gave sputum among 41 eligible based on positive HIV status. In multivariable analysis, symptom duration ≥2 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.08–23.51) and previous TB treatment (aOR: 6.25, 95% CI: 2.24–17.48) were the strongest predictors of having a sputum test requested. 6/189 (3.2%) sputum samples had a positive Xpert MTB/RIF result. Conclusion Opportunities for early identification of people with TB are being missed in health facilities in Ghana.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic factors associated with pregnant women's level of knowledge about oral health

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wander Barbieri ◽  
Stela Verzinhasse Peres ◽  
Carla de Britto Pereira ◽  
João Peres Neto ◽  
Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Oral Health Promotion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate knowledge on oral health and associated sociodemographic factors in pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional study with a sample of 195 pregnant women seen at the Primary Care Unit Paraisópolis I, in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. For statistical analysis, χ2 or Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression were used. A significance level of 5% was used in all analyses. Results Schooling level equal to or greater than 8 years and having one or two children were associated with an adequate knowledge about oral health. Conclusion Oral health promotion strategies during prenatal care should take into account sociodemographic aspects.

Differences in use of contraception by age, sex and HIV status of 10–19-year-old adolescents in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan ◽  
Morolake Odetoyinbo ◽  
Abigail Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Reproductive Health Services ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Modern Contraceptives ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Objective: The study tried to identify predictors of good knowledge of contraceptive methods and use of condoms at the last sexual act with a girl/boyfriend by adolescents aged 10–19 years in Nigeria. It also tried to find the association between age, sex and HIV status with the study outcomes. Methods: This was a cross sectional study that recruited a geographically representative sample of 749 adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) and 825 HIV negative/untested adolescents aged 10–19 years in Nigeria. A face to face interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on their socio-demographic profile, awareness of contraceptive methods, and use of contraceptives. Study participants were recruited from six of the 36 states in Nigeria and the Federal Capital Territory. Chi-square was used to establish association between self-reported HIV status, age and sex, and awareness of contraceptive methods and condom use during last sex act. Significant predictors of ‘good knowledge of modern contraceptive’ and ‘use of condoms by sexually active adolescents at last sex act’ were also determined using logistic regression. Results: Being a student significantly reduced the odds of having good knowledge about modern contraceptives (OR: 0.46; CI: 0.32–0.65; p<0.001). Having a tertiary level of education (OR: 1.36; CI: 1.12–1.64; p=0.002) and being HIV negative (OR: 2.92; CI: 1.98–4.32; p<0.001) increased the odds of having good knowledge of modern contraceptives. The only significant predictor for use of condoms at last sexual intercourse with a boy/girlfriend is self-efficacy about being about to negotiate condom use with a boy/girlfriend (OR: 141.01; CI: 14.99–1326.36; p<0.001). Conclusion: The study findings reiterate the need to introduce adolescents in general and ALHIV specifically to condom use in early adolescence prior to commencing sexual activities; and the need to provide adolescent friendly sexual and reproductive health services in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Cancer in HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults in South Africa: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafadzwa G Dhokotera ◽  
Julia Bohlius ◽  
Matthias Egger ◽  
Adrian Spoerri ◽  
Jabulani Ncayiyana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

Objective: To determine the spectrum of cancers in AYAs living with HIV in South Africa compared to their HIV negative peers. Design: Cross sectional study with cancer data provided by the National Cancer Registry and HIV data from the National Health Laboratory Service. Setting and participants: The NHLS is the largest provider of pathology services in the South African public sector with an estimated coverage of 80%. The NCR is a division of the NHLS. We included AYAs (aged 10-24 years) diagnosed with cancer by public health sector laboratories between 2004 and 2014 (n=8 479). We included 3 672 in the complete case analysis. Primary and secondary outcomes: We used linked NCR and NHLS data to determine the spectrum of cancers by HIV status in AYAs. We also used multivariable logistic regression to describe the association of cancer in AYAs with HIV, adjusting for age, sex (as appropriate), ethnicity, and calendar period. Due to the large proportion of unknown HIV status we also imputed (post-hoc) the missing HIV status. Results: From 2004-2014, 8 479 AYAs were diagnosed with cancer, HIV status was known for only 45% (n=3812); of those whose status was known, about half were HIV positive (n=1853). AYAs living with HIV were more likely to have Kaposi's sarcoma (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 218, 95% CI 89.9-530), cervical cancer (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.23-3.89), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.69-2.66), and anogenital cancers other than cervix (aOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.27-5.86). About 44% (n=1 062) of AYAs with HIV related cancers had not been tested for HIV, though they were very likely to have the disease. Conclusions: Cancer burden in AYAs living with HIV in South Africa could be reduced by screening young women for cervical cancer and vaccinating them against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection.

scholarly journals Knowledge of pregnant women about anemia is related with adherence to iron tablets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Baksono Winardi ◽  
Elga Caecaria Grahardika Andani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: to identify association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia and the adherence to consume iron tablets in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, IndonesiaMaterials and Methods: Observational analysis cross sectional study. Population consisted of 55 trimester pregnant women in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, in March-April 2017. Samples were recruited using consecutive sampling. The number of sample was 35 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: This research showed that all of the less knowledgeable women on anemia (100.00%) were non-adherent to consume iron tablets, almost all moderately knowledgeable women (92.9%) were adherent, and all of the fully knowledgeable women (100.00%) were adherent. Fisher exact test in significance level of 0.05 revealed p value equal to 0.0001, indicating association between knowledge about anemia and adherence to consume iron tablets at BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, Indonesia.Conclusion: There is an association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia with adherence to iron tablets.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Depression among Antenatal Women in Sriperumbudur, Chennai

2021 ◽  
pp. 347-354
Author(s):  
Jayashree Kannappan ◽  
Abhilash Kannappan ◽  
V. S. Prema Subathiraa ◽  
Shanthi Dinakaran ◽  
P. S. Jikki Kalaselvi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Background: Women are twice as likely as males to suffer from mood disorders, which tend to cluster around the childbearing years. Depression negatively influences maternal and neonatal outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence of depression in pregnant women aged 18 – 35 yrs and to identify predictors accounting for variability across estimates during pandemic. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study, conducted among 74 pregnant women coming for antenatal checkups in the Sriperumbudur, Chennai. Using height and weight values obtained from the sample, Body Mass Index (weight in kg/height in metre squares) was calculated. Hamilton – Depression Scale (HAM-d) was applied after initial psychiatry work up to all women who were selected for the interview. Mean of parameters were assessed and correlation value were calculated by Fisher’s exact test. The statistically significant P value was less than 0.05. Results: The sociodemographic variables have been found as significant contributors in explaining the variability of the prevalence rates of antenatal depression. It showed positive correlation between economic status and depression (p<0.05) and a negative correlation between obesity and depression (p>0.05). According to the findings, fewer than 1/3rd of pregnant women experience depression as a result of life circumstances such as economic crises in order to support their families. These were identified as significant associate variables (P>0.05). And also, this study identified insufficient socioeconomic assistance were more likely to experience multiple psychological discomfort [atleast 1] than women who got appropriate economic support. (r = -0.118, P < 0.001) Conclusion: In rural Tamilnadu, the prevalence of antenatal depression among women is significant. Antenatal Depression is caused by a number of circumstances, including physical, obstetric, economic, and family-related issues. To treat these antenatal depression risk factors, comprehensive therapies are required.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection among Brazilian Pregnant Women with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Moreira Jalil ◽  
Geraldo Duarte ◽  
Patrícia El Beitune ◽  
Renata Toscano Simões ◽  
Patrícia Pereira dos Santos Melli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Hiv Negative

Objective. To estimate HPV prevalence among pregnant women from Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, and the possible influence of HIV-1 infection on this prevalence.Methods. A cross-sectional study with 44 HIV-positive and 53 HIV-negative pregnant women was conducted. Cervicovaginal specimens were obtained from all women during gynecologic exam. HPV DNA, low and high risk HPV types, was detected using conventional PCR. Statistical analysis used Student'st-test, Mann-Whitney test, Fischer's Exact test, and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence interval.Results. HIV-positive pregnant women had higher proportion of HPV infection than HIV-negative pregnant women (79.5% versus 58.5%;P<.05). HPV positivity prevalence ratio for HIV-positive women was 1.36 (95% CI 1.04–1.8;P=.03). There was significant association between HIV viral load levels and HPV positivity (P<.05).Conclusions. Our results demonstrate higher HPV positivity in HIV-infected pregnant women. Higher values of HIV viral load were associated with HPV positivity.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Gestational Age and Severity of Gingivitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Dhandi Wijaya ◽  
Nur Adiba Hanum ◽  
Asih Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excessive Inflammatory Response

Increased levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone in the blood during pregnancy can cause gingivitis due to vascular changes that cause the gingiva to become more sensitive especially to toxins and other irritants, such as plaques and calculus, which causes the gingiva to become easily inflamed. Pregnancy can also aggravate gingivitis due to the excessive inflammatory response of the gingiva to dental plaque and hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the differences in the degree of gingivitis in pregnant women in each trimester of gestational age. This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in April 2019 on 80 pregnant women with gingivitis who examined their pregnancies at the Puskesmas Merdeka Palembang during the fourth week of March 2019. The relationship between the degree of gingivitis in each trimester of pregnancy was analyzed using Fisher's exact test with 95% confidence interval. The results showed that gingivitis was found most frequently in third trimester pregnancy (47.5%) and mild gingivitis, mostly experienced by pregnant women in trimester II pregnancy (52.6%), while moderate and severe gingivitis was more experienced by trimester pregnant women III (50% and 81.8%). The statistical test results showed a significant relationship between the gestational age and severity of gingivitis (p 0.05). It can be concluded that increasing gestational age is related to the increasing severity of gingivitis.

scholarly journals Knowledge of pregnant women about anemia is related with adherence to iron tablets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Baksono Winardi ◽  
Elga Caecaria Grahardika Andani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: to identify association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia and the adherence to consume iron tablets in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, IndonesiaMaterials and Methods: Observational analysis cross sectional study. Population consisted of 55 trimester pregnant women in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, in March-April 2017. Samples were recruited using consecutive sampling. The number of sample was 35 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: This research showed that all of the less knowledgeable women on anemia (100.00%) were non-adherent to consume iron tablets, almost all moderately knowledgeable women (92.9%) were adherent, and all of the fully knowledgeable women (100.00%) were adherent. Fisher exact test in significance level of 0.05 revealed p value equal to 0.0001, indicating association between knowledge about anemia and adherence to consume iron tablets at BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, Indonesia.Conclusion: There is an association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia with adherence to iron tablets.

scholarly journals Progesterone Serum Level in-Labor Women does not Differ with not in-Labor Women

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Hutomo
Keyword(s):  
Serum Level ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Obstet Gynecol ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Fisher’S Exact Test

Objectives: To find out the relation of serum progesterone level between patients in-labor and pregnant patients not in-labor. Methods: This was an analytic cross-sectional study, comparing serum progesterone level between in-labor gravida and not in-labor gravida. Subjects were in-labor gravida (n=21) and not in-labor gravida (n=24) admitted to Sanglah Hospital from April to August 2011. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0. Independent sample ttest and Fisher’s exact test were used. Results: Mean serum progesterone level were 214.90±92.06 inlabor gravida and 190.69±76.02 not in-labor gravida (t = 0.966 and p = 0.399). Conclusions: There is no difference in serum progesterone level between in-labor and not in-labor pregnant women. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 36-4: 185-7] Keywords: labor, progesterone, progesterone withdrawal

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