scholarly journals One Name – One Fungus: The Influence of Photosynthetic Partners on the Taxonomy and Systematics of Lichenized Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kukwa ◽  
Magdalena Kosecka ◽  
Beata Guzow-Krzemińska
Keyword(s):  
Lichenized Fungi ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Fungal Partner ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
Different Types

Lichens are fungi (mycobionts) that form symbiotic associations with photoautotrophic prokaryotes or eukaryotes (photobionts); however, some species can exchange photosynthetic partners during their lifecycles. This phenomenon modifies the morphology of lichens and consequently influences the taxonomy of lichenized fungi. Here, a few such cases in which the photobionts influenced the taxonomy and systematics of lichenized fungi are reviewed. Two different morphotypes of the same species – known as photomorphs – were classified as different species and sometimes different genera. Moreover, different types of photobionts and the absence or presence (optional lichenization) of an alga in the thallus were believed to be diagnostic characters for discriminating genera. However, the taxonomy and systematics of lichens are based always, according to Article F.1.1. of the <em>International </em><em>Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants</em>, on the fungal partner and only one name is applied.

Effective typification of Ophrys apifera (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 521 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
P. PABLO FERRER-GALLEGO
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
International Code ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

Ophrys apifera Hudson was previously considered to have been lectotypified by Künkele and Baumann in 1998 with an illustration published by Matthias Lobel in 1581. However, Hudson did not include any references to Lobel in the protologue. Therefore, the typification by Künkele and Baumann is here briefly discussed and superseded because is being contrary to Art. 9.3 of the International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). The name is lectotypified here with an illustration published by Bauhin and Cherler in 1651. Unfortunately, this illustration does not show several diagnostic characters to distinguish O. apifera from other related species. Therefore, for a precise circumscription of the name, an epitype is proposed of a complete specimen preserved at K.

A note on the comparative anatomy of the clamps in the superfamily Diclidophoroedea (Trematoda: Monogenea)

Parasitology ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora G. Sproston
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Shapes

A re-examination of the haptoral sclerites forming the clamps, or ‘armoured suckers’, in Diclidophoroidea shows that they can be grouped into four main types, representing lines of evolution from what is here regarded as the primitive, or more generalized, form of clamp, that of the family Mazocraeidae. It has been shown that the form of the clamp skeleton must be regarded as of primary importance in the classification of the superfamily, since not only is it correlated with certain diagnostic characters of the soft parts of these worms, but it is usually fully developed some time before these parts make their appearance. Due attention has not always been paid to the detail of the clamps in systematic works, so that the position of some forms must remain uncertain until they can be redescribed. Owing to the sclerites often being twisted bars, curving through three dimensions, with the primary bars often jointed or fused, the appearance of different types of clamp is at first sight highly complex. The difficulty of interpreting them is increased by their being semi-transparent, and appearing of different shapes when viewed from various angles. These obscurities disappear when they are regarded as modifications of the fundamental plan found in Mazocraës and its allies.

scholarly journals Emendation of circumscriptions of taxa in the Lists of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 2163-2164
Author(s):  
Aharon Oren ◽  
George M. Garrity
Keyword(s):  
International Code ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Future ◽  
Evolutionary Microbiology ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

In the past 3 years, a large number of emendations of circumscriptions of species, subspecies and higher taxa were published outside the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) that only marginally modify the earlier circumscription and may not meet the requirements of Rule 35 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Thus far, these emendations were included in the Lists of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion in the IJSEM. The list editors propose to list in the future only meaningful emendations that in their opinion significantly modify the diagnostic characters or the circumscription of taxa.

scholarly journals Traquair's lungfish from Loanhead: dipnoan diversity and tooth plate growth in the late Mississippian

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. SMITHSON ◽  
Thomas J. CHALLANDS ◽  
Ketura Z. SMITHSON
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Process ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Tooth Plate ◽  
Fossil Fish ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
High Level ◽  
Single Locality

ABSTRACTRamsay Heatley Traquair, the eminent Victorian Scottish palaeoichthyologist and museum curator, procured an extensive collection of Palaeozoic fishes from across Scotland with the help of local miners and quarrymen. One very productive locality near Edinburgh was Loanhead. Traquair described numerous fossil fish from this Serpukhovian site, including four lungfish taxa: Ctenodus interruptus, Sagenodus quinquecostatus, Uronemus splendens and Ctenodus angustulus. The first three are now quite well known, but the fourth was only briefly described and never figured. It is based entirely on tooth plates, which are unusual both in their very small size and the arrangement of the tooth ridges. They lack the diagnostic characters of Ctenodus tooth plates and are here renamed Clackodus angustulus. A further taxon, Conchopoma sp., has recently been identified. Represented by a spade-shaped parasphenoid and denticulated jaw elements, it is the earliest known occurrence of the genus, extending its range into the Mississippian. A sixth taxon may be represented by an isolated parasphenoid bearing an anterior process, previously only seen in Devonian lungfish. The presence of up to six lungfish taxa at a single locality is unprecedented in the Carboniferous and indicates that the high level of lungfish diversity encountered in the Tournaisian of the Scottish Borders continued throughout the Mississippian, adding to the growing evidence that post-Devonian lungfish evolution was not as limited as previously proposed. This may have been due to changes in tooth plate growth, enabling greater variation in dentition and diet. In most Devonian taxa, tooth plate growth can be explained by comparison with that in extant forms, but analysis of Carboniferous tooth plates suggest growth was different in many taxa, possibly based on more than one pioneer tooth, allowing for novel patterns of tooth ridges and different types of teeth to develop on the same plate.

scholarly journals Unravelling ant-symbiont network topology across Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parmentier ◽  
Frederik de Laender ◽  
Dries Bonte
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Social Parasites ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Symbiont Species

ABSTRACTLong-term associations between different species are key drivers in community composition in all ecosystems. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these symbiotic associations is challenging because of the diversity of species and interaction types hosted in natural ecological networks. Here, we compiled the most complete database on natural ant-symbiont networks in Europe to identify the drivers of bipartite network topology. These ant-symbiont networks host an unrivalled diversity of symbiotic associations across the entire mutualism-antagonism continuum, of which the most diverse types of symbionts are (1) trophobionts: mutualistic aphids and scale insects (2) myrmecophiles: commensalistic and parasitic arthropods, and (3) social parasites: parasitic ant species. These diverse ant-symbiont networks provide a unique opportunity to tease apart ecological and evolutionary drivers. To do so, we dissected network topology and asked what determines host specificity and which host factors drive symbiont species richness and facilitate host switching for the different types of symbionts.We found an unexpectedly high number of 701 obligate symbionts associated with European ants. Symbiont type explained host specificity and the average relatedness of the targeted host species. Social parasites were associated with few, but phylogenetically highly related hosts, whereas trophobionts and myrmecophiles interacted with a higher number of hosts across a wider taxonomic distribution. Colony size, host range and habitat type predicted total symbiont richness, where ants hosts with larger colony size or larger distribution range contained more symbiont species. However, we found that different sets of host factors affected diversity in the different types of symbionts. Ecological factors, such as colony size, host range and niche width predominantly drive myrmecophile species richness, whereas evolutionary factors, such as host phylogeny and biogeography, mainly determine richness of mutualistic trophobionts and social parasites. Lastly, we found that hosts with a common biogeographic history support a more similar community of symbionts. Phylogenetic related hosts also shared more trophobionts and social parasites, but not myrmecophiles. Taken together, these results suggest that ecological and evolutionary processes drive host specificity and symbiont richness in large-scale ant-symbiont networks, but these drivers may shift in importance depending on the type of symbiosis. Our findings highlight the potential of well-characterized bipartite networks composed of different types of symbioses to identify candidate processes driving community composition.

scholarly journals Is a remarkable species – Caloplaca flavescens (lichenized fungi) – new to the Polish lichen biota?

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Lucyna Śliwa ◽  
Karina Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Lichenized Fungi ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Lichen Biota ◽  
Similar Appearance ◽  
First Time

<em>Caloplaca flavescens</em> is reported for the first time from Poland with all known localities citation. Diagnostic characters for the species are narrow, convex marginal lobes that are separated by furrows and gray crystals within the thallus cortex that are prominent in polarized light as well as lemon-shaped ascospores. Species of similar appearance include <em>C. aurantia, C. thallinicola</em> and some members of <em>C. saxicola</em> group. Differences between these species are briefly discussed. An up-to-date distribution map for <em>C. flavescens</em> in Poland is presented.

scholarly journals Four species of saxicolous lichenized fungi new to Latvia

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolands Moisejevs ◽  
Polina Degtjarenko
Keyword(s):  
Lichenized Fungi ◽  
Lichen Biota ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Umbilicaria Hirsuta

Abstract Four species of saxicolous and acidophilous lichens - Dermatocarpon miniatum, Trapelia coarctata, Trapelia placodioides, and Umbilicaria hirsuta found on different types of granite boulders were reported as new to Latvian lichen biota. Data on substratum geology, accompanying species, microhabitat and distribution in neighbouring to Latvia countries are provided.

scholarly journals Links between metamorphosis and symbiosis in holometabolous insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1783) ◽  
pp. 20190068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobin J. Hammer ◽  
Nancy A. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Microbial Associations ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Radical Transformation ◽  
Complete Metamorphosis

Many animals depend on microbial symbionts to provide nutrition, defence or other services. Holometabolous insects, as well as other animals that undergo metamorphosis, face unique constraints on symbiont maintenance. Microbes present in larvae encounter a radical transformation of their habitat and may also need to withstand chemical and immunological challenges. Metamorphosis also provides an opportunity, in that symbiotic associations can be decoupled over development. For example, some holometabolous insects maintain the same symbiont as larvae and adults, but house it in different tissues; in other species, larvae and adults may harbour entirely different types or numbers of microbes, in accordance with shifts in host diet or habitat. Such flexibility may provide an advantage over hemimetabolous insects, in which selection on adult-stage microbial associations may be constrained by its negative effects on immature stages, and vice versa. Additionally, metamorphosis itself can be directly influenced by symbionts. Across disparate insect taxa, microbes protect hosts from pathogen infection, supply nutrients essential for rebuilding the adult body and provide cues regulating pupation. However, microbial associations remain completely unstudied for many families and even orders of Holometabola, and future research will undoubtedly reveal more links between metamorphosis and microbiota, two widespread features of animal life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of complete metamorphosis’.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj&gt; 0 for eachj&gt; 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

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