scholarly journals Using traditional ecological knowledge in discovery of rare plants: a case study from Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Molnár V. ◽  
Kristóf Süveges ◽  
Zsolt Molnár ◽  
Viktor Löki
Keyword(s):  
Rare Plants ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Information ◽  
Kitchen Gardens ◽  
New Locations

<p>Sustainable (and adaptive) management of natural resources is usually based on long term local experiences with nature. Local traditional communities often possess rich ecological knowledge connected to nature and traditional resource use and management. This knowledge can provide unexpected new information for researchers, and show new opportunities and ways for professionals in conserving rare and threatened species.</p><p>We found significant new populations of the rare <em>Ophrys lesbis</em> in a private area next to the settlement of Çamlık, Muğla, and <em>Orchis punctulata</em> in the graveyard of Kadılar, Antalya with the help of local rural people. We firstly report the replanting of some orchid species (<em>Orchis papilionacea</em>, <em>O. italica</em>, and <em>Barlia robertiana</em>) in kitchen gardens of Çamlık and Bayır, in Muğla Province.</p><p>The presence of significant orchid populations (e.g., the biggest ever found for <em>Ophrys lesbis</em>) in an area, where local owners have been actively harvesting salep from year to year for decades suggests that the moderate salep harvesting can be sustainable for long run. Based on our observations, Turkish salep harvesters can help botanists and conservationists find new locations of rare threatened orchid populations, and therefore indirectly help in conserve these populations.</p>

scholarly journals Escalation of Governance: Effects of Voluntary Standardization on Organizations, Markets and Standards in Swiss Fair Trade

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Arnold ◽  
Raimund Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Voluntary Standards ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Standard Documents ◽  
Fair Trade Organizations

Voluntary standards are a ubiquitous phenomenon in modern society that has recently started to attract sociologists’ profound interest. This paper concentrates on formal standardization over the long term and seeks to understand its effects on the coordination of an organizational field. Using an institutional approach we see standards as a form of governance that can be analytically distinguished from other modes of coordination, such as markets and hierarchical organizations. To empirically ground our understanding of formal standards’ consequences on field-level governance, we conducted a case study of the historical development of the Swiss fair trade field since the 1970s. Evidence used in this case study is drawn from 28 expert interviews, documentation and fair trade standard documents. While a formal set of voluntary standards was absent in its early development, in 1992 fair trade organizations started to use written standards as a means of achieving their objectives. Paradoxically, the introduction of a rational standardization system has led to escalating governance structures in the field. In the long run the launch of formal standards has caused more organizations, more markets, and even more standards. The use of standards as a means of creating differentiation instead of generating uniformity is thereby seen as the main reason for increased coordination demands. As a consequence, this article highlights standards’ potential to boost additional governance efforts and directs attention to the mutual enforcement of distinct modes of coordination.

scholarly journals Persuasion: A Case Study of Papal Influences on Fertility-Related Beliefs and Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Bassi ◽  
Imran Rasul
Keyword(s):  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Timing Of Births ◽  
Short Run ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Dhs Surveys ◽  
Informative Communication

We study the persuasive impacts of non-informative communication on the short-run beliefs and long-run behavior of individuals. We do so in the context of the Papal visit to Brazil in October 1991, in which persuasive messages related to fertility were salient in Papal speeches during the visit. We use individual's exposure to such messages to measure how persuasion shifts short-run beliefs such as intentions to contracept and long-term fertility outcomes such as the timing and total number of births. To measure the short-run causal impact of persuasion, we exploit the fact the Brazil 1991 DHS was fielded in the weeks before, during, and after the Papal visit. We use this fortuitous timing to identify that persuasion significantly reduced individual intentions to contracept by more than 40 percent relative to pre-visit levels, and increased the frequency of unprotected sex by 30 percent. We measure the long-run causal impacts of persuasion on fertility outcomes using later DHS surveys to conduct an event study analysis on births in a five-year window on either side of the 1991 Papal visit. Estimating a hazard model of fertility, we find a significant change in births 9 months post-visit, corresponding to a 1.6 percent increase in the aggregate birth cohort. Our final set of results examine the very long-run impact of persuasion and document the impacts to be on the timing of births rather than on total fertility. (JEL D83, J13, N36)

scholarly journals DO DEMOCRACIES SPEND LESS ON THE MILITARY? SPAIN AS A LONG-TERM CASE STUDY (1876-2009)

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Sabaté
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Spending ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Military ◽  
Capital Intensive

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the influence of political regimes on the level and economic composition of military expenditure in Spain over the long run. In contrast with the widely accepted negative relation between democracy and military spending, the paper suggests that democratic governments established in the late 1970s and early 1980s after Franco’s dictatorship had a positive influence on the military burden owing to the efforts to reorient the army towards international threats and to involve the armed forces with the newly democratic institutions. In addition, the analysis of military expenditure allows us to conclude that the international orientation of democratic military policies took place along with financial efforts to obtain a capital-intensive army to confront international military threats.

Students with mild intellectual disability engaging in proportions word problems

2020 ◽  
pp. 174462952093783
Author(s):  
Casey Hord ◽  
Kathleen Koenig ◽  
Janet Mannheimer Zydney ◽  
Anna F DeJarnette ◽  
Daniel P Gibboney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Word Problems ◽  
Individualized Instruction ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Mild Intellectual Disability ◽  
Group Settings ◽  
New Information

The researchers conducted a qualitative case study to describe the experiences of two seventh grade students with mild intellectual disability as they engaged in mathematics word problems involving proportions. The researchers analyzed student performance in large group settings and with individualized instruction to gain perspective on the students’ tendencies with challenging mathematics content. During the teaching sessions in this study, one of the participants initially struggled with the proportions word problems, but demonstrated success after teachers connected new information in the tasks to students’ long-term memory and utilized gestures and diagrams to facilitate the students’ processing of information. Another participant succeeded more easily with proportions word problems which, along with the success of the other participant, provides support that students with a mild intellectual disability can succeed with challenging topics, such as proportions word problems.

scholarly journals Status and future pathways of resin tapping in Nepal: Appeal for special attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Vivek Thapa Chhetri ◽  
Sachin Timilsina
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Upgrading Strategies ◽  
The Right

Resin tapping was pioneered five decades ago since the Laxmi Tapping industry started tapping in western Nepal in 1973. Resin tapping is acknowledged as a cost-effective, viable, and adjuvant source of income for rural people with the potentiality for payment for ecosystem services (PES) outside the resin tapping period. This paper explores the SWOT analysis of resin tapping and future pathways to improve this enterprise in Nepal. The systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus; and PRISMA flowchart summarizes the search strategy of the literature survey. SWOT analysis concludes that resin tapping has more strengths and opportunities, but this enterprise is currently under threat due to the shutting down of many resin enterprises with royalty hikes and no incentive. Poor tapping techniques lead to the depletion of pine resources in the long term, so the weakness of the rill method should be counteracted by the modern, cost-effective, more efficient borehole method practiced in many developed countries for resin production. Implementation of the proper policy framework, provision of incentives for enterprise, and sufficient research to create a knowledge base about resin tapping is an urgent need to minimize threats and pedal this enterprise in the right direction. We insist policymakers and stakeholders adopt the integrated forest-based enterprise approach for enabling environment in resin tapping and recommend nine promising value chain upgrading strategies as pragmatic endorsements to execute this enterprise in the long run.

scholarly journals Changes of ecological wisdom of Sundanese People on conservation of wild animals: A case study in Upper Cisokan Watershed, West Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
SIDIK PERMANA ◽  
JOHAN ISKANDAR ◽  
PARIKESIT PARIKESIT ◽  
TEGUH HUSODO ◽  
ERRI N MEGANTARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
West Java ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Wisdom

Abstract. Permana S, Iskandar J, Parikesit, Husodo T, Megantara EN, Partasasmita R. 2019. Changes of ecological wisdom of Sundanese People on conservation of wild animals: A case study in Upper Cisokan Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1284-1293. In the past Sundanese rural people had a very close relationship with the environment. They utilize natural resources based on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and is strongly influenced by their perception of nature. This article elucidates the mythology of Sundanese rural people on wild animals and the changes of rural people perceptions and their behavior to wild animals in the rural ecosystem based on a case study in Bojong Salam and Sukaresmi villages, Rongga district, West Bandung, the upper Cisokan watershed, West Java. Method used in this study was qualitative, while some techniques, including observation, participant observation, and semi-structured interview were applied. The result of study showed that in the past Sundanese the rural people of Upper Cisokan watershed, West Bandung, West Java owned myths on some wild animals that is inherited from their ancestor through oral and using mother language. The influence of these myths on wild animals caused the rural people had prohibited to kill these animals and important role for traditional conservation. Nowadays, however, some myths on wild animals of rural people have not eroded or not recognized by young generations. Consequently, some taboos in hunting and catching animal based on myths on wild animals have tended not been applied to conserve wild animals traditionally. Therefore, to develop appropriate nature conservation, the biophysical, the socio-economic and cultural aspects must be holistically considered.

scholarly journals Exchange rate impacts on international trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (5-6(2)) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Jalil Mehtiyev ◽  
◽  
Robert Magda ◽  
László Vasa ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Long Run

As international trade activities are increased, there are more regulative practices which might be barriers to trade. One of such hindrances is exchange rate volatility that affects trade activities both directly and indirectly. Exchange rate volatility of currencies can affect the trade engagements and as well as the trade balance of a country. One of the implications of the study is that the impacts of monetary policy changes on trade activities can be noticed significantly in the long-term. While impacts on export levels are usually immediate, import levels are changed in long-run. The research analyzes the correlation between inflation and devaluation and clearly states their impacts on trade balance. The case study about devaluation of the currency of Azerbaijan elaborates the impacts of currency volatility on exports which is illustrated and analyzed in this research. Moreover, inflation and devaluation correlations and their impacts on import level of a country are studied through correlation and multiple regression analyses based on the data exported from OECD and World Bank. The results conclude that exchange rate volatility significantly impacts the trade balance in terms of imports and exports. Given the results, exchange rate is a non-trade barrier and affects foreign trade.

scholarly journals Herbaria macroalgae as a proxy for historical upwelling trends in Central California

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1929) ◽  
pp. 20200732
Author(s):  
Emily A. Miller ◽  
Susan E. Lisin ◽  
Celia M. Smith ◽  
Kyle S. Van Houtan
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Central California ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ecological Baselines ◽  
Upwelling Index

Planning for future ocean conditions requires historical data to establish more informed ecological baselines. To date, this process has been largely limited to instrument records and observations that begin around 1950. Here, we show how marine macroalgae specimens from herbaria repositories may document long-term ecosystem processes and extend historical information records into the nineteenth century. We tested the effect of drying and pressing six macroalgae species on amino acid, heavy metal and bulk stable isotope values over 1 year using modern and archived paper. We found historical paper composition did not consistently affect values. Certain species, however, had higher variability in particular metrics while others were more consistent. Multiple herbaria provided Gelidium (Rhodophyta) samples collected in southern Monterey Bay from 1878 to 2018. We examined environmental relationships and found δ 15 N correlated with the Bakun upwelling index, the productivity regime of this ecosystem, from 1946 to 2018. Then, we hindcasted the Bakun index using its derived relationship with Gelidium δ 15 N from 1878 to 1945. This hindcast provided new information, observing an upwelling decrease mid-century leading up to the well-known sardine fishery crash. Our case study suggests marine macroalgae from herbaria are an underused resource of the marine environment that precedes modern scientific data streams.

Adaptability of Backcasting for Sustainable Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Wieners ◽  
Martina Neuburger ◽  
Udo Schickhoff
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transition Management ◽  
Long Run ◽  
First Results ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Reasonable Use

To cope with problems like climate change, lack of food security, and poverty, a more reasonable use of existing resources is needed. Hence, a transition towards a sustainable behavior in the industrial as well as the developing countries is of core importance. Transition management and backcasting are two methodologies that have been developed mainly in the Netherlands to achieve this behavioral change. This paper examines in a case study, in a small village in the mid-hills of Nepal, whether these methodologies are also applicable in a developing country. Moreover it analyzes which adjustments are needed to achieve good outcomes. First results show that this methodology seems to be appropriate to trigger a change in thinking towards long-term considerations amongst the small scale farmers. Long-range thinking and future envisioning can stimulate investments in technologies that tend to be sustainable and guarantee a more stable return in the long run. Compared to programs in Europe, instructors should adjust time frame and workshop design.

Population and economic development in Indonesia: A revisit with new data and methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumitaka Furuoka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Cointegration Test ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Important Research Topic ◽  
The Relationship

The long-term relationship between population and economic development is an important research topic in development economics. However, after several decades of research, no consensus has been reached as to whether the relationship is positive or negative. This paper chose Indonesia as a case study and employed both a linear cointegration test and a nonlinear cointegration test to examine the relationship between population and income. The tests detected a long-run equilibrium relationship between population and real per capita income in Indonesia. Also, the causality test indicated that there existed a unidirectional causality from Indonesia’s population expansion to the country’s economic growth, but not vice versa. These results indicate a population-driven economic development in Indonesia. In other words, Indonesia could represent a textbook case of population-induced development where a rapid population growth stimulates economic development.

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