scholarly journals Micromorphology of the epidermis and anatomical structure of the leaves of Scorzonera hispanica L.

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Marcela Krawiec ◽  
Paweł Krawiec ◽  
Stanisław Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Surface Micromorphology ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Fluorescence Light

In Poland <em>Scorzonera hispanica</em> L. is rare in the wild. This species is used as a vegetable and medicinal plant. Currently, attempts are being made to introduce this plant into cultivation in Poland. In this study, comparative analyses were conducted of the epidermis surface micromorphology and anatomical structure of the leaves of <em>S. hispanica</em> ‘Maxima’ and ‘Meres’. The investigations were performed using fluorescence, light and scanning electron microscopy. The cuticle on the surface of epidermal cells is smooth or striated. In the epidermis, there are anomocytic stomata. The stomatal index in the epidermis of the studied cultivars is 9.3–11%. In the midrib of the leaf, there is an aerial cavity which occupies a substantial area. In this place, cracking and breaking of the leaf blade were observed. Over the aerial cavity under the adaxial epidermis, there is a single layer of collenchyma cells and 1–2 rows of parenchyma cells. Tangential collenchyma is also present between the abaxial epidermis and large vascular bundles located in the midrib and on both sides of the large vascular bundles in the lamina. This tissue strengthens the leaf margin. The mesophyll cells located in the abaxial epidermis of the midrib form protrusions surrounding the large vascular bundles. The leaves of <em>S. hispanica</em> represent the equifacial type.

scholarly journals Anatomical Structure and Terpenoid Content of Zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) Leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Evi Mintowati Kuntorini ◽  
Dewi Nofaliana ◽  
Eny Dwi Pujawati
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Embedding Method ◽  
Histochemical Assay ◽  
Paraffin Embedding ◽  
Histochemical Test ◽  
Leaf Anatomical Structure

Zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) is a member of Rutaceae contain terpenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and xanthones which have anti-mosquito activity. This research aimed to observe the anatomical structure, the location, and distribution of terpenoid based on the leaves' age. Anatomical slides preparation of leaves were made using the paraffin embedding method with safranin staining. The distribution of terpenoid was analyzed by the histochemical assay. Leaf anatomical structure shows that the 3rd and 6th leaf bifacial (dorsiventral) consisted of the upper epidermis, mesophyll (palisade and sponge), collateral vascular bundle, parenchyma midrib, abaxial epidermis and oil glands in mesophyll that is underneath both epidermises. The diameter of oil glands with larger sizes was on the 6th leaf, whereas the density is not different in the 3rd and 6th leaves. The histochemical test showed that terpenoid was observed in the leaf vascular bundles, oil glands, and epidermis.

scholarly journals Morpho-Anatomy, Physiochemical and Phytochemical Standardization with HPTLC Fingerprinting of Aerial Parts of Trichosanthes lobata Roxb.

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patil Kalpana ◽  
Wadekar Raju
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Palisade Cells

To study the morpho-anatomy of the aerial parts of Trichosanthes lobata (Cucurbitaceae) to increase the knowledge and standardization parameters of these plants. Morpho-anatomical studies of leaves have been carried out by free hand. The different types of histochemical test were performed by using staining reagents. Phytochemical and quantitative estimation has been determined along with HPTLC fingerprinting. Leaves simple, reniform, or ovate, 5 lobbed and glabrous. Anomocytic stomata are present on lower epidermis. A single layer of elongated palisade cells are present below upper epidermis. Leaf bears covering trichomes unicellular to 3-4 celled long. The central region is occupied by arc shaped vascular bundles comprising of xylem vessels surrounded with phloem cells. Physicochemical paradigms such as; ash value, inorganic elements, moisture content and extractive values were determined to develop stringent Pharmacognostic standards. Qualitative, and Quantitative standardization and, HPTLC fingerprint study of alcoholic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of quercitin as biomarker polyphenolic compound. These studies provides referential information for correct identification, as well as assessment of purity, quality of this plant, which definitely gaining the relevance in plant drug research and establishment of plant monograph.

scholarly journals Berbris aristata DC: Pharmacognostical Standardization and Phytochemical Studies of its Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4-A) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
V Karthikeyan ◽  
BR Balakrishnan ◽  
P Senniappan ◽  
L Janarthanan ◽  
BS Venkateswarlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Acuminate Apex

Berberis aristata DC. (Fam: Berberidaceae) commonly known as Daruharidra, Indian Barberry or tree turmeric. Leaves of this plant are traditionally used in the treatment of inflammation, wound healing, skin disease, menorrhagia, diarrhea, jaundice and infection of eyes etc. Micromorphology and physicochemical analysis of the leaves of B.aristata were performed as per WHO and Pharmacopoeial methods. Leaves (4.9cm × 1.8cm) are deep green on dorsal and light green on ventral side. Leaves are in tufts of 5 to 8, phyllotaxy verticillate, simple spiny, lanceolate, toothed, leathery, sessile, acuminate apex and reticulate pinnate venation. Microscopic evaluation of leaves showed biconvex midrib and thick lamina. The epidermal layers of the midrib are thick with small, less conspicuous cells and thick cuticle. The vascular system consists of three large vascular bundles; the median one is small than the two lateral bundles; the bundles are collateral and wedge shaped.  Lamina is made of epidermal layer on the adaxial side with spindle shaped thick walled cells and papillate cuticle. The abaxial epidermis has squarish or rectangular epidermal cells with prominent spiny cuticular outgrowths. Powder microscopy showed the presence of cuticular papillae, anomocytic stomata and spiny outgrowth. Preliminary phytochemical screening of appropriate solvent extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, sterols, tannins, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of glycosides and volatile and fixed oil. Microscopic analysis and other parameters were informative and provide valuable information in the identification, standardization of B.aristata leaves. Keywords: Berberis aristata, Berberidaceae, leaf, Microscopical evaluation.

scholarly journals Anatomical structure, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves and fruits on different age and maturity level

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Kuntorini ◽  
LAURENTIUS HARTANTO NUGROHO ◽  
MARYANI ◽  
TRI RINI NURINGTYAS
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Secretory Cavity ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Histochemical Test ◽  
Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa

Abstract. Kuntorini EM, Nugroho LH, Maryani, Nuringtyas TR. 2019. Anatomical structure, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves and fruits on different age and maturity level. Biodiversitas 20: 3619-3625. Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk.) is a native plant to southeast Asian countries, and is a well-known medicinal plant used to treat colic diarrhea, wounds, heartburn, abscesses, gynecopathy, and as a pain killer. However, the use of R. tomentosa has not been optimized. This research aimed to observe the anatomical structure, the location, and distribution of flavonoid and to find out the antioxidant activity based on the leaves age and the fruit maturity. Anatomical slides preparation of leaves and fruits were made using the paraffin embedding method with safranin staining. The distribution of flavonoid was analyzed by histochemical test and antioxidant activity was done with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. Leaf anatomical structure shows that the leaf bifacial (dorsiventral) consisted of upper epidermis, mesophyll (palisade and sponge), collateral vascular bundle, parenchyma midrib, abaxial epidermis, globular oil cavity, and non-glandular trichome. Transverse section of green fruit consists of exocarp (thin outer layer), mesocarp (thick inner layer, soft and runny) and endocarp (thin false septa) layers. The histochemical test showed that flavonoid was observed in the leaf epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundles, secretory cavity, parenchyma and in all fruit types exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp. Antioxidant activity showed that the extract of the young leaves (IC50 = 14.67 ppm) was stronger than the old leaves (IC50 = 19.86 ppm). The antioxidant activity of the purple fruits extract (IC50 = 12.98 ppm) was stronger than the red fruits (IC50 = 28.63 ppm) and the green fruits (IC50 = 48.36 ppm) but it was weaker than quercetin (IC50 = 1.29 ppm). The purple fruit had the highest antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. This information will be useful for developing karamunting as a potential resource of natural antioxidants for functional foods and health products.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the leaf’s anatomical structure of some endemic species Umbelliferae family in Middle Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
D. T. Khamraeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Central Bundle ◽  
Secretory Duct ◽  
Secretory Ducts

This article presents the results of comparative study of leaf structure in species Komarovia anisosperma,Sphaerosciadium denaense, Kamelinia tianschanica, Korshinskya olgae и Autumnalia innopinata of the Apiaceae Lindlfamily. For the studied species, a close relationship between the anatomical structure of the leaf and environmental conditions has been revealed. The diagnostic leaf-blade features are: for Komarovia anisosperma, single layer of the palisadeparenchyma with tightly closed or in places loosely located rather elongated cells and the presence of 3 secretory ducts onthe abaxial side (under the central and marginal lateral vascular bundles); for Sphaerosciadium denaense, marginal partswrapped to adaxial side, 2(3) secretory ducts above the main bundle at the abaxial side, one larger at the adaxial side,above and below lateral bundles they locate one by one, and a single duct at the adaxial part of the leaf top; for Kamelinia tianschanica, two and above the central bundle three-layer palisades and the presence of a single secretory duct underthe central bundle; Korshinskya olgae, two-layer palisade and the presence on the abaxial side of 3 (4) secretory ducts (1or 2 large under the central and median lateral vascular bundles); Autumnalia innopinata, isopalisade mesophyll and thepresence of a 2–3-layer aquifer parenchyma.

Incorporation of [14C]Phenylalanine and [14C] Cinnamic Acid into Leaf Pieces and Mesophyll Protoplasts from Oat Primary Leaves for Studies on Flavonoid Metabolism at the Tissue and Cell Level

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 222-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margareta Proksch
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Pulse Labelling ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Mesophyll Protoplasts ◽  
Main Site ◽  
End Products

When the abaxial epidermis was peeled from 5 to 6 day old oat primary leaves, and 3 cm segments were floated on radioactive phenylalanine or cinnamic acid solutions, more than 90 per cent of the radioactivity was incorporated within 3 to 7 h depending on the developmental stage of the leaf. C-glycosylflavones were labelled within 15 min and radioactivity in these compounds increased for several hours. Pulse labelling and pulse chase experiments with either phenylalanine or cinnamic acid, unequivocally demonstrate that oat flavones are stable end products of metabolism. However, this procedure does not distinguish between sequential biosynthesis of various flavones and their interconversion. Cinnamic acid was more efficiently (ca. 20 x) converted into oat leaf flavones than was phenylalanine, when the precursor was fed to leaf pieces, and flavones recovered from mesophyll protoplasts. Different labelling patterns were obtained with whole leaf segments and protoplasts which apparently reflect differences in tissue specific flavone biosynthesis of mesophyll and epidermis. Isolated mesophyll protoplasts incubated with [14C]cinnamic acid synthesize 14C-labelled flavones characteristic of the mesophyll, as well as several unidentified phenylpropanoid derivatives not found in the intact tissue. Data suggest that photosynthetically active mesophyll cells are a main site of tissue specific flavone biosynthesis

Pharmacognostical Investigation of Trapa natans L Leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 4680-4684
Author(s):  
Chandana Majee ◽  
Rupa Mazumder ◽  
Alka N. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Trapa Natans ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Who Guideline

Background: Trapa natans L., is annual aquatic plant generally kwon as Water caltrp, Water chest nut belonging to the Trapaceae or Lytraceae family. Trapa natans L is use for the treatment of wide no of diseases without proper standardization. Objective: To give the right pharmacognostical and photochemical information of the Trapanatan L leaves. In this study pharmacognostical investigation of the fresh leaves and powder drug were done to determine the macroscopical, microscopical, quantitative physicochemical and phytochemical property of the drugs. Method: Macroscopical, quantitative and qualitative microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, extractive value, florescence analysis and phytochemical analysis were done according to the WHO guideline. Result: Macroscopical analysis showed that, leaves are greenish to purplish color, rhomboidal shape; alternate, acute, margin is dentate, pinnate venation. Microscopic evaluation showed that leaf is dorsi ventral in nature, upper layer epidermis cells were covered with cuticle layer. Single layer of barrel shape cell were present bellow the upper epidermis layer. Trichomes are generally multicellular. Anomocytic stomata were observed in upper epidermis. From the experiment it was found that methanolic extract give the highest extractive value. Phytochemical analysis gives the evidence for the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, glycoside, steroids, flavonoids, tannin, and triterpenoids. Qualitative phytochemical analysis give the evidence for presence of high amount total phenolic content. Conclusion: Different pharmacognostical parameters assessed in this examination help to detection and standardization of Trapa natans L., leaves.

scholarly journals Struktur Anatomi dan Uji Histokimia Terpenoid dan Fenol Dua Varietas Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.)

BIOSCIENTIAE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Gusti Puspa Dewi ◽  
Evi Mintowati Kuntorini ◽  
Eny Dwi Pujawati
Keyword(s):  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Epidermal Tissue ◽  
Pith Parenchyma

This study aims to determine the anatomical structure and histochemical test of terpenoid and phenol compounds in two varieties of green betel plants (Piper betle). Making leaves anatomical structure preparations using the fresh method, testing terpenoid compounds with 5% copper acetate, testing phenol with ferric trichloride 10% and some grains of sodium carbonate. The observations of the anatomical structure of green betel leaf varieties 1 and varieties 2 have similarities consisting of the upper epidermis, upper hypodermis, palisade parenchyma, parenchymal sponges, vascular bundles (xylem and phloem), sclerenchyma, cholenchyma, lower epidermis, lower hypodermis, secretory cells, trichoma, stoma and calcium oxalate crystals, and in varieties 2 look more trichomes. The anatomical structure of the variety 1 betel stem and varieties 2 are arranged from the outside in the direction of the epidermal tissue, colenchymal tissue, cortical bundles, sclerenchyma, cortex, medullary and peripheral vascular files, pith, the central part of the stem is a secretory gland. Phenol in betel vine varieties 1 and varieties 2 is positive in the secretion cell part which is spread in the parenchymal tissue of the mother's leaf bone and lamina, whereas in the stem is spread around the cortex and pith parenchyma. Positive secretion cells contain phenol not as much as secretory cells containing terpenoids. Based on quantitative observations the size of oil cell density and secretion cell diameter, the essential oils contained in the cell secretions in the leaves of variety 1 are more than varieties 2 while in the varieties 2, there are more varieties 1.

Salt stress influence on stomatal and hydraulic conductivity, as well as on the level of aquaporins in leaf cells of barley plants, differing in salt tolerance

Biomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
G.V. Sharipova ◽  
R.S. Ivanov ◽  
L.B. Vysotskaya ◽  
G.R. Akhiyarova
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Concentration Assessment ◽  
Stress Influence

We studied participation of aquaporins in the regulation of leaf hydraulic conductivity and relationship of hydraulic conductivity with accumulation of ABA and stomatal closure during salt stress. Using the method of immunohistochemical localization we showed that salinity led to greater decline in the level of aquaporins in the region of the vascular leaf bundles of the more salt-tolerant Prairia cultivar, accompanied by a noticeable decrease in hydraulic conductivity of the leaf. In the less salt-tolerant plants of the Mikhailovsky cultivar, significant changes in the level of aquaporins under the influence of salt stress were not found. The degree of decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the leaf in plants of two cultivars under the influence of salt stress correlated with a decrease in transpiration. Immunohistochemical localization of abscisic acid (ABA) in leaf cells showed that during salt stress this hormone accumulated in leaf mesophyll cells and stomata. The uptake of exogenous hormone from the nutrient solution and its entry into the leaf through the vascular bundles was accompanied by an increase in staining for aquaporins and the hydraulic conductivity of the leaves, which is characteristic of the ABA action. Differences in the localization of exogenous and endogenous hormones were obviously the cause of the opposite directions of changes in hydraulic conductivity: its increase under the influence of an exogenous ABA and a decrease - under the influence of salt stress. ABA concentration assessment in xylem showed the absence of its increase during salt stress, which explains the absence changes of staining for this hormone in the region of the leaf vascular bundles and indicates that accumulation of ABA in a short-term salt stress is not the result of its delivery from the roots, but the result of its synthesis in the shoot itself.

Leaf anatomy of the South African Danthonieae (Poaceae). III. Merxmuellera stricta

Bothalia ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 13 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
South African ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The South ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Morphological Differences

The anatomical structure, of the leaf blade as seen in transverse section, and of the abaxial epidermis, of Merxmuellera stricta (Schrad.) Conert is described and illustrated. In this variable species four distinct anatomical “forms” are recognized viz. the typical  M. stricta form, the Cathedral Peak form, the Drakensberg form and the alpine form. The alpine and Cathedral Peak forms have recently been described as M. guillarmodiae Conert (1975). The degree of anatomical differentiation of these “forms” resembles the situation described in M. disticha (Nees) Conert (Ellis, 1980). Populations of both M. stricta and M. disticha from the Drakensberg mountains display extensive anatomical diversification which appears to be correlated with environmental factors. In addition, morphological differences are exhibited as well and the anatomical “forms” of M. stricta probably warrant taxonomic recognition.

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