scholarly journals Evolution of the cell wall components during terrestrialization

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Banasiak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Wall Components

<p>Colonization of terrestrial ecosystems by the first land plants, and their subsequent expansion and diversification, were crucial for the life on the Earth. However, our understanding of these processes is still relatively poor. Recent intensification of studies on various plant organisms have identified the plant cell walls are those structures, which played a key role in adaptive processes during the evolution of land plants. Cell wall as a structure protecting protoplasts and showing a high structural plasticity was one of the primary subjects to changes, giving plants the new properties and capabilities, which undoubtedly contributed to the evolutionary success of land plants.</p><p>In this paper, the current state of knowledge about some main components of the cell walls (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignins) and their evolutionary alterations, as preadaptive features for the land colonization and the plant taxa diversification, is summarized. Some aspects related to the biosynthesis and modification of the cell wall components, with particular emphasis on the mechanism of transglycosylation, are also discussed. In addition, new surprising discoveries related to the composition of various cell walls, which change how we perceive their evolution, are presented, such as the presence of lignin in red algae or MLG (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan in horsetails. Currently, several new and promising projects, regarding the cell wall, have started, deciphering its structure, composition and metabolism in the evolutionary context. That additional information will allow us to better understand the processes leading to the terrestrialization and the evolution of extant land plants.</p>

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

1988 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM S. YORK ◽  
ALAN G. DARVILL ◽  
MICHAEL MCNEIL ◽  
THOMAS T. STEVENSON ◽  
PETER ALBERSHEIM
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

Isolation and characterization of plant cell walls and cell wall components

1986 ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. York ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Michael McNeil ◽  
Thomas T. Stevenson ◽  
Peter Albersheim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wall Components

Relationship of wood cell wall ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adya P. Singh ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Ramesh R. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wall Components

ABSTRACT This review presents information on the relationship of ultrastructure and composition of wood cell walls, in order to understand how wood degrading bacteria utilise cell wall components for their nutrition. A brief outline of the structure and composition of plant cell walls and the degradation patterns associated with bacterial degradation of wood cell walls precedes the description of the relationship of cell wall micro- and ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of the cell wall. The main topics covered are cell wall structure and composition, patterns of cell wall degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria, and the relationship of cell wall ultrastructure and composition to wood degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria. Finally, pertinent information from select recent studies employing molecular approaches to identify bacteria which can degrade lignin and other wood cell wall components is presented, and prospects for future investigations on wood degrading bacteria are explored.

scholarly journals Elucidating The Multifunctional Role of The Cell Wall Components in The Maize Exploitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana López-Malvar ◽  
Rosa Ana Malvar ◽  
Xose Carlos Souto ◽  
Leonardo Dario Gomez ◽  
Rachael Simister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Wall Components

Abstract Background: Besides the use of maize grain as food and feed, maize stover can be a profitable by-product for cellulosic ethanol production, whereas the whole plant can be used in silage production. However, yield is reduced by pest damages, where stem corn borers are one of the most important factors limiting yield. Overall, cell wall composition is key in determining the quality of maize biomass, as well as pest resistance. This study aims to address the interrelations between cell wall components in diverse maize genotypes, and pest resistance, ethanolic production and forage digestibility. Results: We can highlight the following results: (i) pests resistant inbred lines may show cell walls with low p-coumaric acid and hemicellulose content; (ii) inbred lines showing cell walls with high cellulose content and diferulate cross-linking may present higher performance in ethanol production; (iii) and inbred lines with enhanced digestibility may have cell walls poor in neutral detergent fibre and diferulates, combined with a lignin polymer composition richer in G subunits. Conclusions: Our results evidence that there is no maize cell wall ideotype among the tested for optimal performance in the three areas evaluated, and maize plants should be specifically bred for each particular application.

scholarly journals Reaction mechanisms of furfuryl alcohol polymer with wood cell wall components

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Shen ◽  
Dengkang Guo ◽  
Pan Jiang ◽  
Gaiyun Li ◽  
Sheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Wall Components ◽  
C Nmr

Abstract Wood properties of furfurylation can be altered by reaction mechanisms of furfuryl alcohol polymer (PFA) and cell walls. Although chemical reactions between PFA and lignin have been studied, reaction mechanisms between PFA and cell wall components, including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are still not comprehensively understood. In order to elucidate chemical reactions regarding PFA with wood cell walls, model compounds of main cell wall components were used to investigate its reactions with PFA by 13C NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results showed that there was no chemical bonding of PFA with either cellulose or hemicellulose. Condensations of uncrowded ring positions (meta, ortho and para) and side chains (α–C, β–C, β–OH, and γ–OH) of lignin with PFA did occur based on 13C NMR spectra. Reaction enthalpy and activation energy also confirmed the condensation reactions between lignin and PFA. This study could provide design guidelines to control the chemical reactions of PFA in cell walls and lignin and, therefore, improve the properties of furfurylated wood.

scholarly journals The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Stępiński ◽  
Maria Kwiatkowska ◽  
Agnieszka Wojtczak ◽  
Justyna Teresa Polit ◽  
Eva Domínguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Plant Cuticle ◽  
Cuticle Formation ◽  
Linear Chains ◽  
Main Components

The cuticle commonly appears as a continuous lipophilic layer located at the outer epidermal cell walls of land plants. Cutin and waxes are its main components. Two methods for cutin synthesis are considered in plants. One that is based on enzymatic biosynthesis, in which cutin synthase (CUS) is involved, is well-known and commonly accepted. The other assumes the participation of specific nanostructures, cutinsomes, which are formed in physicochemical self-assembly processes from cutin precursors without enzyme involvement. Cutinsomes are formed in ground cytoplasm or, in some species, in specific cytoplasmic domains, lipotubuloid metabolons (LMs), and are most probably translocated via microtubules toward the cuticle-covered cell wall. Cutinsomes may additionally serve as platforms transporting cuticular enzymes. Presumably, cutinsomes enrich the cuticle in branched and cross-linked esterified polyhydroxy fatty acid oligomers, while CUS1 can provide both linear chains and branching cutin oligomers. These two systems of cuticle formation seem to co-operate on the surface of aboveground organs, as well as in the embryo and seed coat epidermis. This review focuses on the role that cutinsomes play in cuticle biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum, O. umbellatum and A. thaliana, which have been studied so far; however, these nanoparticles may be commonly involved in this process in different plants.

scholarly journals Quality and Cell Wall Components of `Anna' and `Granny Smith' Apples Treated with Heat, Calcium, and Ethylene

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Klein ◽  
Susan Lurie ◽  
Ruth Ben-Arie
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Pectin Content ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
And Control ◽  
Wall Components

`Anna' and `Granny Smith' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) that were held at 38C for 4 days before storage at 0C not only were firmer than controls upon removal from storage, but also softened more slowly during shelf life at 17C. Skin yellowing and loss of acidity attendant upon the heat treatment were not prevented by dipping fruit in 2% CaCl2 before heating. Both heat-treated and control fruit softened at the same rate upon exposure to ethylene at 100 μl·liter-1 upon removal from storage. The insoluble pectin content of cortical tissues was higher in heat-treated fruit than in controls after 10 days at 17C, while soluble pectin levels were lower. Arabinose and xylose levels were lower in cell walls from heat-treated cortical tissue, but the treatment had no effect on loss of galactose residues during shelf life.

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