scholarly journals Inter- and interspecific serological relationships in Pellia epiphylla complex

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wojnicka-Półtorak ◽  
Ewa Chudzińska ◽  
Wiesław Prus-Głowacki
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Antigenic Difference ◽  
Protein Spectrum ◽  
Antigenic Proteins ◽  
S Proteins

Antigenic proteins were used as markers for the study of relationships between three liverwort species from <em>P. epiphylla</em> complex. It has recently been shown that the electrophoretic phenotypes of this species suggested an amphiploid origin of <em>P. borealis</em>. Two sibling species: <em>P. epiphylla</em> -species S and -species N could have probably represented the parental species for <em>P. borealis</em>. We examined three clones of <em>P. borealis</em> from different localities using immunodiffusion. Then we compared them with <em>P. epiphylla</em> species S and N as well as with the mixture of proteins of <em>P. epiphylla</em> S and N samples. The results indicate that polyploid <em>P. borealis</em> shows an identical immunological pattern to that of the mixture of proteins of putative parental species. Only in one case the result resembled much more the pattern of <em>P. epiphylla</em> S proteins. The sibling species <em>P. epiphylla</em> S and N showed antigenic difference but the nature of the differences requires further studies. Antigenic pro-perties of proteins from <em>P. epiphylla</em> S and N and of their allopolyploid - <em>P. borealis</em>, indicated some specifity of the protein spectrum in each of the parental species and intermediate character of proteins in the polyploid forms.

Restoration of meiotic stability following artificial hybridisation and selection in Teleogryllus (Orth., Gryllidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Hogan ◽  
P. G. Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Hybrid Strain ◽  
Cytological Examination ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Meiotic Stability ◽  
Made In

As part of a research project directed at the genetic control of Teleogryllus commodus (Wlk.) in Australia, hybridisation studies have been carried out between T. commodus and the sibling species T. oceanicus (Le Guillou). A cytological examination of a hybrid strain (male progeny of T. commodus × T. oceanicus backcrossed to T. oceanicus) was made in the F4 generation when meiotic stability had been reached. The karyotype was very similar to that of T. oceanicus, suggesting that only those combinations in which the chromosomes were structurally homologous to T. oceanicus survived. But the stridulation pattern of the hybrid males, intermediate between that of the two parental species, and a consistent sex ratio of 2:1 in favour of the males, indicate profound genetic differences from T. oceanicus. These effects are attributed to introgression, with chromosomal material from T. commodus being incorporated in the T. oceanicus genome as an outcome of the initial hybridisation of the two species.

Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of six species of African Schistosomes and their Hybrids 1. Mice and Hamsters

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Taylor ◽  
B. J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Percentage Distribution ◽  
Worm Recovery ◽  
Egg Morphology ◽  
Hybridisation Study

In a previous hybridisation study it was found that six African schistosome species could be distinguished by their egg morphology and snail infectivity, and that their hybrids were also distinct. The present paper describes complementary studies on the behaviour of the same parasites in rodents.Statistically significant differences were found between the behaviour of each pair of sibling species with regard to some of the following characters: percentage of worm recovery; rate of egg production; percentage distribution of eggs in the liver, small and large intestines. This is further evidence that these forms are distinct species.There were also significant differences between the hybrids and their “parental” species, and between the behaviour of the parasites in mice and hamsters. The distinct behaviour of the hybrids raises the possibility of genetically modifying these parasites in order to attenuate their pathogenicity with a view to using hybrids as heterologous immunising agents.

Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of six species of African Schistosomes and their Hybrids 2. Baboons

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Taylor ◽  
G. S. Nelson ◽  
Mary Smith ◽  
B. J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Maturation Time ◽  
Worm Recovery ◽  
Egg Morphology ◽  
High Infectivity

The behaviour of six species of African schistosomes and their hybrids has been compared qualitatively and quantitatively in baboons, with a view to finding a schistosome of high infectivity but low pathogenicity to the baboon for use in heterologous immunity experiments. This study, which includes the first comparative study of the pathogenicity of these six species in primates, is complementary to earlier studies in rodents in which these schistosomes and their hybrids were compared in terms of egg morphology, snail infectivity, and infectivity and pathogenicity. In rodents, statistically significant differences were detected in the behaviour of each pair of sibling species with regard to percentage worm recovery, rate of egg production and percentage distribution of the eggs in the tissues, and the hybrids also differed significantly from their “parental” species.Even greater differences were found in baboons. For example, although all the strains studied produced mature egg-laying adults in rodents, no worms, eggs, or histopathological changes resulted from exposure of baboons to S. rodhaini or S. bovis. With regard to prepatent period, S. mansoni was the shortest (5–6 weeks), S. haematobium the longest (12–14 weeks), while S. mattheei and S. intercalatum occupied intermediate positions (7–9 weeks). The hybrids all matured in 7–9 weeks except the S. bovis/S. mattheei hybrid (11–16 weeks). S. haematobium similarly had a much longer maturation time in rodents. Complete or partial “self-cure” occurred in 3 baboons but was not observed in rodents. The percentage worm recovery of S. mansoni was higher than for the S. mansoni/S. rodhaini hybrids while with the S. haematobium group of species, worm recovery was highest with S. mattheei followed by S. intercalatum and S. haematobium, the same order as in rodents. With the S. haematobium-group hybrids, worm recovery was generally high except with the S. bovis/S. haematobiuun hybrid.

Dispersal of the Australian Reptile Tick Aponomma Hydrosauri by Host Movement.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Bull
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Tape Recording ◽  
Call Structure ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Host Movement

Tape recordings of calls of males in allopatric populations of the sibling species Ranidella insignifera and R. pseudinsignifera show non-overlapping ranges of call modulation. Laboratory-raised hybrids have a call structure falling between the high modulation of the three- or four-pulsed call of R. pseudinsignifera and the low modulation of the almost unpulsed call of R. insignifera. However, hybrid calls could not always be distinguished from some calls of the parental species. The largely allopatric distributions of the two species meet along the scarp of the Darling Ranges. In two areas examined in detail, west of Perth and north of Bullsbrook, populations sampled by ear and by tape recording confirmed earlier studies which suggested that there is a very steep cline, over less than 3 km, from populations with mostly R. pseudinsignifera-like calls, to populations with mostly R. insignifera-like calls. Populations with calls of both parental species as well as intermediate calls were detected in this zone, but the extent of introgression could not be judged on the basis of call structure alone. The evidence suggests that the hybrid zone is stable in time.

scholarly journals Laboratory and microcosm experiments reveal contrasted adaptive responses to ammonia and water mineralisation in aquatic stages of the sibling species Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nwamaka Oluchukwu Akpodiete ◽  
Frédéric Tripet
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Phenotypic Quality

Abstract Background The sibling species of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii co-exist in many parts of West Africa and are thought to have recently diverged through a process of ecological speciation with gene flow. Divergent larval ecological adaptations, resulting in Genotype-by-Environment (G × E) interactions, have been proposed as important drivers of speciation in these species. In West Africa, An. coluzzii tends to be associated with permanent man-made larval habitats such as irrigated rice fields, which are typically more eutrophic and mineral and ammonia-rich than the temporary rain pools exploited by An. gambiae (s.s.) Methods To highlight G × E interactions at the larval stage and their possible role in ecological speciation of these species, we first investigated the effect of exposure to ammonium hydroxide and water mineralisation on larval developmental success. Mosquito larvae were exposed to two water sources and increasing ammonia concentrations in small containers until adult emergence. In a second experiment, larval developmental success was compared across two contrasted microcosms to highlight G × E interactions under conditions such as those found in the natural environment. Results The first experiment revealed significant G × E interactions in developmental success and phenotypic quality for both species in response to increasing ammonia concentrations and water mineralisation. The An. coluzzii strain outperformed the An. gambiae (s.s.) strain under limited conditions that were closer to more eutrophic habitats. The second experiment revealed divergent crisscrossing reaction norms in the developmental success of the sibling species in the two contrasted larval environments. As expected, An. coluzzii had higher emergence rates in the rice paddy environment with emerging adults of superior phenotypic quality compared to An. gambiae (s.s.), and vice versa, in the rain puddle environment. Conclusions Evidence for such G × E interactions lends support to the hypothesis that divergent larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation.

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