scholarly journals Longitudinal arrangement of leaf traces and compound vascular bundles in the stem of Aristolochia clematitis L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Puławska
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stem Apex ◽  
The Given ◽  
Metaxylem Vessel

The compound vascular bundles in the <em>Aristolochia clematitis</em> stems are entirely composed of leaf traces. At the stage of protoxylem differentiation there is not one vessel in the compound vascular bundle which would belong solely to the stem. In a mature compound vascular bundle less xylem belongs to traces of higher lying leaves than to these of the lower situated ones. The lower ends of the particular traces, components of the compound vascular bundle, gradually become thinner. The traces of the upper leaves are represented in the xylem of the compound vascular bundle in the lower parts of the stem by several or even by only one metaxylem vessel. The latter constitutes a „trace" of the participation of the given leaf in the development of the compound vascular bundle. There are two categories of compound bundles in the stem. One part of these bundles does not reach to the stem apex and they develop on one side. They consist of halves (right and left) of traces of median lower leaves from one orthostichy. The others run uninterruptedly from the base to the stem tip and develop from the middle. They consist, namely, of the median traces (left or right) of lower leaves from the orthostichy and lateral leaf traces (left or right) from the second orthostichy.

scholarly journals Knockout of Auxin Response Factor SlARF4 Improves Tomato Resistance to Water Deficit

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3347
Author(s):  
Mengyi Chen ◽  
Xiaoyang Zhu ◽  
Xiaojuan Liu ◽  
Caiyu Wu ◽  
Canye Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Auxin Response

Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in various plant physiological processes; however, knowledge of the exact role of ARFs in plant responses to water deficit is limited. In this study, SlARF4, a member of the ARF family, was functionally characterized under water deficit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining showed that water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment reduced the expression of SlARF4. SlARF4 was expressed in the vascular bundles and guard cells of tomato stomata. Loss of function of SlARF4 (arf4) by using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) technology enhanced plant resistance to water stress and rehydration ability. The arf4 mutant plants exhibited curly leaves and a thick stem. Malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in arf4 mutants than in wildtype plants under water stress; furthermore, arf4 mutants showed higher content of antioxidant substances, superoxide dismutase, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), and catalase activities. Stomatal and vascular bundle morphology was changed in arf4 mutants. We identified 628 differentially expressed genes specifically expressed under water deficit in arf4 mutants; six of these genes, including ABA signaling pathway-related genes, were differentially expressed between the wildtype and arf4 mutants under water deficit and unlimited water supply. Auxin responsive element (AuxRE) elements were found in these genes’ promoters indicating that SlARF4 participates in ABA signaling pathways by regulating the expression of SlABI5/ABF and SCL3, thereby influencing stomatal morphology and vascular bundle development and ultimately improving plant resistance to water deficit.

scholarly journals Mechanical behavior of 'Niagara Rosada' grape berry detachment

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gomes ◽  
Antonio C. de O Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Deformation Curves ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Surrounding Skin ◽  
Niagara Rosada

The 'Niagara Rosada' grape is the main Brazilian table grape belonging to the Labrusca family. It develops medium, cylindrical and compact bunches with berries presenting a pinkish skin and a foxy flavor that is valued in the Brazilian market. These berries are tender and have a pedicel-berry connection provided by the vascular bundles and surrounding skin. This cultivar is very susceptible to berry drop mainly caused by vibration and senescence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal mechanical behavior of the pedicel-berry detachment, using resistance indexes extracted from traction force-deformation curves. Test results showed two different detachment types. In the first one, which exhibited higher average resistance, a considerable portion of the vascular bundle came out attached to the pedicel and in the second type; the vascular bundle was retained inside the berry. The proposed indexes based on maximum detachment force, force at 0.2; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.2 mm, and maximum force to corresponding deformation ratio did not discriminate the senescence of the berry.

Early ontogeny defines the diversification of primary vascular bundle systems in angiosperms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regine Claßen-Bockhoff ◽  
Doris Franke ◽  
Hansjörg Krähmer
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Histological Data ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
The One

Abstract Understanding vascular bundle systems in angiosperms is a challenge. On the one hand, the vascular tissue is extremely important in reconstructing the evolution and survivability of plants, but on the other hand, it forms a complicated three-dimensional system of controversially discussed phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin. To increase clarity, in this paper we briefly summarize histological, phylogenetic and molecular aspects of primary vascular bundle formation in angiosperms, adding histological data on early stages of vascular bundle formation, proposing a concept combining the different views and providing simplified illustrations to improve the understanding of primary vascular systems in angiosperms. Based on the auxin hypothesis, vascular bundle formation is stimulated by the development of leaf primordia. Provascular domains appear at the base of the leaf primordia and develop into two directions (leaf, internode). The low vs. high number of internodal bundles, their circular vs. scattered arrangement and the open vs. closed bundle construction in eudicots vs. monocots can be deduced to be due to processes below the shoot apical meristem. The most important processes distinguishing monocots from eudicots are the isolated bundle initiation outside the primary meristem, the enormous expansion of the leaf bases associated with a high number of vascular bundles and the early onset of primary thickening passively dislocating vascular bundles.

scholarly journals Anatomical Structure and Terpenoid Content of Zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) Leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 03001
Author(s):  
Evi Mintowati Kuntorini ◽  
Dewi Nofaliana ◽  
Eny Dwi Pujawati
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Embedding Method ◽  
Histochemical Assay ◽  
Paraffin Embedding ◽  
Histochemical Test ◽  
Leaf Anatomical Structure

Zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) is a member of Rutaceae contain terpenoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and xanthones which have anti-mosquito activity. This research aimed to observe the anatomical structure, the location, and distribution of terpenoid based on the leaves' age. Anatomical slides preparation of leaves were made using the paraffin embedding method with safranin staining. The distribution of terpenoid was analyzed by the histochemical assay. Leaf anatomical structure shows that the 3rd and 6th leaf bifacial (dorsiventral) consisted of the upper epidermis, mesophyll (palisade and sponge), collateral vascular bundle, parenchyma midrib, abaxial epidermis and oil glands in mesophyll that is underneath both epidermises. The diameter of oil glands with larger sizes was on the 6th leaf, whereas the density is not different in the 3rd and 6th leaves. The histochemical test showed that terpenoid was observed in the leaf vascular bundles, oil glands, and epidermis.

Influence, chez le Manihot esculenta, du développement de la lame du limbe sur celui du pétiole et de l'entre-noeud sous-jacent

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2053-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Médard ◽  
J. M. N. Walter ◽  
P. Barnola
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Growth Area

Within each internode and about four plastochrons after its formation, an intercalary growth area appears, leading to a continued lengthening due essentially to anticline mitoses. It temporarily looks like a cambium. The blade of the leaf which is directly above the internode is absolutely necessary for the formation of this growth area. Xylem integrity of the cauline vascular bundle connected with this leaf is also required. Within each leaf, the presence of the blade and the integrity of vascular bundles are also indispensable for the lengthening of the petiole, whose mitotic system resembles the internode's. The hypothesis of a blade influence on the mitotic lengthening system through mechanical pressure due to the vascular development is discussed. Key words: internode, petiole, blade, vascular tissues, Manihot esculenta, intercalary growth.

scholarly journals Morphology, palynology, and stipe anatomy of four common ferns from Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
NERY SOFIYANTI ◽  
DYAH IRIANI ◽  
FITMAWATI FITMAWATI ◽  
AFNI ATIKA MARPAUNG
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Dicranopteris Linearis ◽  
Paraffin Method

Sofiyanti N, Iriani D, Fitmawati, Marpaung AA. 2019. Morphology, palynology, and stipe anatomy of four common ferns from Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 327-336. The fern explorations had been conducted in Pekanbaru, Riau Province from 2013 to 2017. The objectives of this study were to characterize the morphological characters, to examine the spore features and stipe anatomy characters of four common ferns from Pekanbaru. The specimens were collected from the fields using the exploration method from 21 study sites from 10 sub-districts. The spores were then observed using a digital microscope. A total of four fern species were known as the most common fern species in this region, i.e., Dicranopteris linearis, Stenochlaena palustris, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Davalia denticulata. This study examined the morphology, palynology and stipe anatomy of these four common ferns from Pekanbaru, Riau. The anatomical preparation was conducted using paraffin method while spore preparation using acetolysis method. We found dimorphic ferns (Stenochlaena palustris and Davallia denticulata) and monomorphic ferns (Dicranopteris linearis and Nephrolepis biserrata). The vascular bundle of stipes of four species examined is similar, i.e., amphicribral concentric, however, the vascular bundles within the species varies in size. We also observed similar type of stele, atactostele, among the species. The spore features found in this study were monolete and trilete with prolate and subprolate shape. The result of this study supports the anatomical data of the examined species.

scholarly journals Localization of Peroxidase in Grapes using Nitrocellulose Blotting of Freezing/Thawing Fruits

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio A. Calderón ◽  
Jose M. Zapata ◽  
Romualdo Muñoz ◽  
A. Ros Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Histochemical Localization ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Bundle Structure

A technique has been developed to study the histochemical localization of peroxidase in Vitis vinifera by blotting freezing/thawing tissue sections on nitrocellulose membranes. After being stained with 4-methoxy- α -naphthol and H2O2, peroxidase-mediated reaction products in mature `Gamay' grapes were seen principally in the skin and, to a lesser extent, the pericarp, where discrete areas of reaction products were located in the vascular bundles. However, for immature `Gamay' and `Grenache' grapes, peroxidase activity in the skin was low and similar to that found in the pericarp. With this technique, fruit vascular bundle structure was preserved. The reliability of the technique in the histochemical localization of peroxidase in grapes was confirmed by fractionation and determining the peroxidase activity in the various tissues.

scholarly journals Morphological and Anatomical Studies of Hippocrepis L. Genus in Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. YETISEN ◽  
C. ÖZDEMIR
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Anatomical Features

ABSTRACT: In this study, the morphological and anatomical features were investigated of three taxon of Hippocrepis L. species which spreading naturally in Turkey. In the morphological part of the study, H. unisiliquosa subsp. unisiliquosa’s stem is erect or decumbent. The species H. ciliata’s Willd. stem is erect. H. multisiliquosa’s L. stem is decumbent. The fruit of H. multisiliquosa is much more convoluted than the other two taxa. There are cilia on the fruit of H. ciliata, but there are not found any cilia the other two taxa. The stem anatomy of all the studied taxa is hexagonal. In the stem cross section of H. ciliata 12-14 vascular bundle are found, H. unisiliquosa subsp. unisiliquosa 12-15 and H. multisiliquosa 12-13. Leaf vascular bundles are arranged regularly, H. unisiliquosa subsp. unisiliquosa have 18-20, H. ciliata have 6-8, H. multisiliquosa have 9-13 vascular bundles.

scholarly journals Efficiently, accurately, intelligently dissecting bamboo: characteristic of vascular bundle in Phyllostachys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haocheng Xu ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Jiajun Wang ◽  
Tuhua Zhong ◽  
Xinxin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Radial Distribution ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Gradient Change

AbstractA comprehensive understanding of vascular bundles is the key to elucidate the excellent intrinsic mechanical properties of bamboo. This research aims to investigate the gradient distribution of fiber volume fraction and the gradient changes in the shape of vascular bundles along the radial axis in Phyllostachys. We constructed a universal transfer-learning-based vascular bundle detection model with high precision of up to 96.97%, which can help to acquire the characteristics of vascular bundles quickly and accurately. The total number of vascular bundles, total fiber sheath area, the length, width and area of fiber sheath of individual vascular bundles within the entire cross-section were counted, and the results showed that these parameters had a strongly positive linear correlation with the outer circumference and wall thickness of bamboo culms, but the fiber volume fraction (around 25.5 %) and the length-to-width ratio of the vascular bundles (around 1.226) were relatively constant. Furthermore, we layered the cross section of bamboo according to the wall thickness finely and counted the characteristics of vascular bundle in each layer. The results showed that the radial distribution of fiber volume fraction decreased exponentially, the radial distribution of the length-to-width ratio of vascular bundle decreased quadratically, the radial distribution of the width of vascular bundle increased linearly. The trends of the gradient change in vascular bundle’s characteristics were found highly consistent among 29 bamboo species in Phyllostachys.One sentence summaryA universal vascular bundle detection model can efficiently dissect vascular bundles in Phyllostachys, and the radial gradient change of vascular bundles in cross-section are found highly consistent.

scholarly journals Macro and microscopic characters of Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich leaf

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-186
Author(s):  
G. Prabhakar ◽  
K. Shailaja ◽  
P. Kamalakar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Colic ◽  
The Family ◽  
Powder Analysis

The paper deals with a detailed investigation on the leaves of Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A. Rich. which includes it’s morphological, anatomical and powder analysis. It is a low woody bushy under-shrub belonging to the family Capparaceae. The leaves are used in treatment of as fever, ear ache, stomach ache, skin infections, urinary calculii, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, rigidity in lower limbs, and abdominal colic. The leaf amphistomatic, with mostly anamocytic, few tetracytic stomata. In transverse section of leaf is ribbed on either sides at midvein, epidermis one layered. Mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. Ground tissue of midvein differentiated into palisade, collenchyma and parenchyma. The midvien consists of one large oval shaped vascular bundles arranged are at the centre. Petiole in transverse section is circular adaxially small, grooved at centre and epidermis is having one layered, a single circular vascular bundle present at the centre, vascular bundle is enclosed by endodermis. The powder microscopic and organoleptic characters are also presented in this study. This study would helps as an appropriate source for authentification of the present studied drug.  

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