scholarly journals Effect of moulding on the changes in chemical composition of tabacco leaves

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Krystyna Florczak
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Aspergillus Repens

The process of moulding caused by the fungi: <i>Aspergillus repens</i> (Cda.) De Bart, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Link, <i>Aspergillus ochraceus</i> Wilhelm, <i>Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom, VPenicillium commune</i> Thom and <i>Penicillum spinulosum</i> Tom influenced the decrease in soluble carbohydrate content with the simulataneous increase in the percentage of specific protein. It had an effect on the deterioration of technological and taste values of raw tabacco.

Antifungal Activities of Boswellia carterii Resin on Fungal Strains Producing of Mycotoxins Isolated from Semolina Samples and Their Derivatives by Thin Layer Chromatography Method and Elisa Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Slimani ◽  
B.N. Nahal ◽  
D. Seddiki ◽  
M.S. Belghit
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Boswellia Carterii ◽  
Tlc Analysis ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
High Degree

Mold growth is among the major causes of health impairment of cereals, in particular durum wheat (Triticum durum) for the synthesis of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins B1 and ochratoxin A (OTA), originally from poisoning in the consumer. In this context, the objectives of this work is the search and characterization of fungal strains Producers mycotoxins such as Aspergillus, Penicillium in semolina and their derivatives (traditional and industrial couscous) and detect and quantify total aflatoxins, aflatoxins B1 and ochratoxin mycotoxicologique to assess the risk associated with the consumption of these foods. In this regard, our work focuses on mycological and mycotoxicologique study of semolina and couscous deemed most commercialized in the town of Bechar-Algeria after a socio-economic survey. The mycological study testifies the high degree of pollution of our samples by Aspergillus, Penicillium. The expertise of genera reveals the high degree of invasion of our samples by Aspergillus, Penicillium. The examination of fungal procession characterizing our samples shows a very high index of distribution, or of fidelity of Penicillium 43.75% of our sample and 28.38% Aspergillus. The presence of these species is evidence that our samples have been abused, but especially poorly stored; should be noted the involvement of the genera Alternaria 7.10%, Fusarium 13.70%. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis revealed that 50% of Aspergillus flavus-parasiticus strains were aflatoxin G-producing and aflatoxin B-free in our samples. Of the Aspergillus ochraceus strains 50% were OTA producers. The presumption of toxicity of the various samples appeared positive on TLC. The test of Elisa has confirmed the presence of the OTA in our samples, the analysis of its results shows that the majority of the rates of OTA taken on our analyzed samples follow the European standard, these rates are between 1.01 and 1.9, except for one sample (couscous) which has shown a rate much higher than the standard recommended by the regulation (> 100 ppb), the samples of semolina had a rate of OTA lower than the beginning of the detection (1 ppb). The results of the presence of AFB spread out between 4.93 ppb and > 40 ppb. The antifungal activity of the resin of Boswellia carterii was tested on the following strains: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum. And kneaded according to the technique of diagonal growth on intermediate solid medium (PDA). The results showed that the yield of the aqueous extract varied between 96.2 and 99.8%. The results of the extracts also showed activity against the fungi studied 48.6% and 96.2%.

scholarly journals The influence of temperature, light intensity and nitrate concentration on dry-matter production and chemical composition of Lolium perenne L.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Alberda
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Nitrate Supply

In this trial the nitrate concentration of the nutrient solution affected the rate of DM production only when it fell below 0.2 mM. Between 0.2 and 1.5 mM the chemical composition of the plant was altered considerably but production was not affected. The soluble carbohydrate content, which reached a very high value in the above-ground parts when the nitrate supply was low, fell as the nitrate concentration rose; the same tendency was observed in the crude-fibre content and some unidentified components, probably hemicelluloses and pentosans. The organic-N fraction increased with increasing nitrate concentration in the above range. Above 1.5 mM the effect was virtually confined to the plant nitrate concentration, and there was always a definite relationship between the nitrate content and the soluble-carbohydrate content. The optimum temp, for DM production increased with increasing light intensity.-R.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Chemical Composition and Active Properties Evaluation of Wild Oregano (Origanum Vulgare) and Ginger (Zingiber Officinale-Roscoe) Essential Oils

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1927-1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Deleanu ◽  
Elisabeta E. Popa ◽  
Mona E. Popa
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Zingiber Officinale Roscoe ◽  
Oregano Oil ◽  
Gallic Acid Equivalent

The compounds in Ginger (Zingiber officinale-Roscoe) essential oil provenience China and wild oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil of Romanian origin were identified by GC/MS and their antioxidant and antifungal properties were evaluated. Wild oregano oil was characterized by high content of oxygenated monoterpenes hydrocarbons (84.05%) of which carvacrol was the most abundant (73.85%) followed by b-linalool (3.46%) and thymol (2.29%). Ginger oil had a higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons including zingiberene (31.47%), b-sesquiphellandrene (13.76%), a-curcumene (10.41%), a-farnesene (8.31%) and b-bisabolene (7.55%) but a lower content of oxygenated monoterpenes (7.97%). The high content of oxygenated monoterpens of wild oregano oil is in accordance with total content of polyphenols determined by the Folin�Ciocalteu method (6.71�0.73 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g oil). Ginger oil had only 1.34�0.22 mg gallic acid equivalent per g oil. Wild oregano oils exhibited appreciable in vitro antioxidant activity as assessed by 2, 2`-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2�-azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). The sample concentration required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radicals was 0.76�0.13 mg/mL for wild oregano oil compared to 20.22�2.12 mg/mL for ginger oil. Also, wild oregano oils showed significant inhibitory activity against selected pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium expansum). 1�L of oregano oil is sufficient for almost 75% growth inhibition of Aspergillus flavus compared to ginger oil which shows antifungal activity at 240�L for 78% growth inhibition. It can be concluded that wild oregano oil could be used as food preservative in some food products in which Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium expansum could grow and have potential to produce health hazards mycotoxines.

scholarly journals Whole corn grain addition in sugarcane silage avoids fermentative losses and improves in situ degradation of silage

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-501
Author(s):  
Tiago A. Del Valle ◽  
Gabriela Do Nascimento ◽  
Luana S. Fernandez ◽  
Marisa M. França ◽  
Jesus A.C. Osório ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Microbial Inoculant ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Corn Grain

Sugarcane silage (SS) is generally susceptible to yeast action, resulting in dry matter losses due to high soluble carbohydrate concentration. We evaluated the effects of adding corn grain and microbial inoculant at ensiling on fermentative profile, losses, chemical composition and degradation of silages. Forty experimental silos (PVC tubing) were assigned at random to a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement with: (1) 5 corn additions at ensiling: CONT - straight sugarcane silage; GC2 - sugarcane with ground corn (processed through a 2 mm sieve) added at ensiling; GC8 - sugarcane with ground corn (processed through an 8 mm sieve) added at ensiling; WC - sugarcane with whole corn grain added at ensiling; and RCS - rehydrated corn ensiled without sugarcane; and (2) 2 microbial inoculant additions at ensiling: 0 and 8 mg of commercial inoculant per kg of feed. Corn grain was added at the rate of 100 g per kg of fresh sugarcane. Adding corn grain to sugarcane at ensiling improved SS fermentation and silage chemical composition. There was no benefit from grinding the grain before adding it to sugarcane. Microbial inoculant had little effect on SS fermentation. Studies comparing corn grain with other energy sources, e.g. molasses or cassava, for addition at ensiling sugarcane seem warranted along with feeding studies with livestock to assess intake and subsequent performance. The overall benefits of adding the energy sources at ensiling versus feeding them directly to animals with untreated sugarcane silage should be determined.

Effect of Other Toxigenic Mold Species on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Sterile Broth Shake Culture

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP B. MISLIVEC ◽  
MARY W. TRUCKSESS ◽  
LEONARD STOLOFF
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Penicillium Citrinum ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Shake Culture ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Heat Stable

The effect of Aspergillus ochraceus, A. versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, P. cyclopium and P. urticae on production of aflatoxin by A. flavus when grown together with A. flavus in rotary shake culture was investigated. The two aspergilli had no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, whereas all three Penicillium species substantially lowered aflatoxin production. The toxins that these penicillia produced when growing in pure culture were not found when the penicillia were grown with A. flavus. However, these toxins had no effect on aflatoxin production added to the growth media, nor did the three molds metabolize aflatoxin. When A. flavus was grown in both filter- and autoclave-sterilized filtrates of these three species, no aflatoxins were produced, although A. flavus grew well. These results suggest that although A. ochraceus and A. versicolor have no apparent effect on aflatoxin production, P. citrinum, P. cyclopium and P. urticae produce heat-stable, nonfilterable metabolite(s) which inhibit(s) aflatoxin production by actively growing A. flavus.

scholarly journals Seasonal Patterns of Carbohydrates in Mandarin cvs. ‘Fremont’, ‘Nova’ and ‘Robinson’ on Different Rootstocks

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ercan YILDIZ ◽  
Mustafa KAPLANKIRAN ◽  
Turan Hakan DEMIRKESER ◽  
Celil TOPLU
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Continuous Decrease

The study was conducted at the experimental farm of Mustafa Kemal University, Dörtyol, Turkey during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ‘Troyer’ and ‘Carrizo’ citranges (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. × Citrus sinensis Osb. var. ‘Troyer’ and ‘Carrizo’), and common sour orange (Citrus aurantium L. var. common), rootstocks on the seasonal variation of carbohydrate content in the leaves of cvs. ‘Fremont’, ‘Nova’, and ‘Robinson’ mandarin. The seasonal variation of carbohydrate content of the three cultivars budded on different rootstocks was nearly same. Soluble carbohydrate concentration showed a continuous decrease from January to mid or late-summer, and then slowly began to increase after early autumn till winter. The sucrose was the dominant soluble carbohydrate in leaves. The seasonal evolution of starch content in leaves increased initially during January to March, and then decreased in April. The starch concentration showed a continuous decrease slowly until the mid-autumn, and then accumulation began during late-autumn and winter. The total carbohydrate content differences among the rootstocks were significant, but the content was changed among the cultivars and according to the season. The change in the total carbohydrate content of leaf tissues showed a strong similarity in cultivars budded on different rootstocks throughout the year. The total carbohydrate content reached their lowest levels in July for cv. ‘Robinson’, in August for cv. ‘Fremont’ and cv. ‘Nova’. The total carbohydrate content in leaves increased from the mid- or late-summer to winter. It is suggested that the seasonal variation of carbohydrate content in plant tissues can be considered during fertilization program in mandarin trees.

Physiological Response of Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) to Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 874-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson D. Nafziger ◽  
Fred W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Diffusive Resistance ◽  
Inhibition Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
P Movement

Thirteen-day-old common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr. # XANPE) plants were treated with 15 μg glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied to the lowermost true leaves. Growth was inhibited rapidly following treatment. About 56% of applied14C-glyphosate was taken up within 8 h. Within 4 days after treatment, diffusive resistance increased in treated leaves but did not change in untreated leaves. Glyphosate had little effect on nonstructural carbohydrate content of leaves, but soluble carbohydrate levels of stems and roots had increased by 130 and 180%, respectively, by 56 h after treatment. The uptake of33P into roots was unaffected by the herbicide, but transport of P to the aerial tissues was severely inhibited. Effects such as inhibition of P movement could result from inhibition of protein synthesis.

Proteolytic and Lipolytic Activities of some Toxigenic and Nontoxigenic Aspergilli and Penicillia

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. EL-GENDY ◽  
E. H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Lipolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Penicillium Cyclopium ◽  
Penicillium Patulum

Eighteen strains of Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus, one of Aspergillus ochraceus and 12 strains or species of Penicillium, many of them isolated from cheese, were evaluated for their proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Strains of A. flavus exhibited considerable proteolytic and little lipolytic activity, whereas the reverse was true for strains of A. parasiticus. Of the Penicillium cultures tested, 10 exhibited considerable lipolytic activity, but only five had marked proteolytic activity. Two cultures, Penicillium patulum M59, and Penicillium cyclopium No. 8, were markedly lipolytic and proteolytic. Of the other cultures, greatest lipolytic activity was associated with Penicillium roqueforti 849, Penicillium puberulum No. 33, A. parasiticus NRRL 3145 and NRRL 465 and A. ochraceus NRRL 3174, whereas greatest proteolytic activity of all the cultures was associated with P. patulum M59, P. cyclopium No. 25 and A. flavus WB500, 4018, 4098 and NRRL 5565.

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