scholarly journals Fungi inhabiting the aboveground organs of downy willow (Salix lapponum L.) and swamp willow (Salix myrtilloides L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Dorota Zalewska ◽  
Magdalena Pogorzelec ◽  
Ewa Dorota Król ◽  
Artur Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Cytospora Chrysosperma ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Salix Lapponum

The species of downy willow (<em>Salix lapponum</em>) and swamp willow (<em>Salix myrtilloides</em>) are extremely rare relicts among all members of the genus <em>Salix</em>. In Poland, they occur only in the eastern part of the Karkonosze Mountains, Masurian Lake District, and Polesie Lubelskie area. A huge threat to both species is the drainage of peat bogs and their excessive exploitation as well as diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. The present study aimed identify fungal species colonizing the aboveground organs of plants with disease symptoms and to indicate which species may pose a threat towards <em>S. lapponum</em> and <em>S. myrtilloides</em> growing under natural conditions. This research was conducted in Polesie National Park as a part of a research project by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Plant health assessments were carried out in natural habitats, while aboveground organs with disease symptoms were collected for laboratory mycological analysis. <em>Colletotrichum salicis</em> (teleomorph <em>Glomerella salicis</em>), <em>Coniothyrium concentricum</em>, <em>Cylindrosporium salicinum</em>, <em>Phomopsis</em> spp., <em>Truncatella angustata</em>, and <em>Cytospora chrysosperma</em> (teleomorph <em>Valsa sordida</em>) were the fungal species most frequently isolated from leaves and shoots of both willow species. The above-mentioned fungi are dangerous plant pathogens from the family Salicaceae. There were no obligatory parasites or monophagous pathogens on the aboveground organs of downy or swamp willow. Obligatory parasites may indicate a markedly low population of host plants in Polish conditions.

scholarly journals Morphological and molecular assessment of mushroom (Lentinus Squarrosulus) (mont.) Singer

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
C. O. Adenipekun ◽  
L. A. Ogunkanmi ◽  
O. Onibonoje
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Unique Band

Lentinus squarrosulus is a popular mushroom in Nigeria used for traditional medicine apart from food. The identification of those high-quality fungal species is not only necessary but has great economic significance as it will allow product distributors to verify the material they are selling. Hence, this study investigated the morphological and molecular relationship among L. squarrosulus samples from different locations in Ibadan. Ten samples of L. squarrosulus were collected from nine different natural habitats in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, from which pure cultures were prepared. Isolation of DNA was done from fruiting bodies of fresh samples evaluated. Ten primers were designed from ITS sequences of the Family Agariceae and used for the study. The ten mushrooms evaluated in the study showed diverse morphological features such as colour of cap and pileus, size of stipe and pileus. A total of 50 amplicons were generated of which 31 bands (62%) were polymorphic. The RAPD variety-specific products were generated in some of the genotypes evaluated which can serve as unique identifiers. The study showed mean values for marker gene diversity of 0.27, Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of 0.25 and 63.81% polymorphism. Both morphological and molecular analyses revealed two clustered groups. Number and types of samples in each group were not the same in both studies. The presence of unique band pattern among sampled fungi evaluated showed the discriminating power of the primer Ast-F in the study. Keywords: Polymorphism, DNA, RAPD, Fungi, Gene diversity characterization

scholarly journals Genome resources for the stem and bark canker pathogens Corinectria fuckeliana, Neonectria hederae and N. punicea

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Salgado-Salazar ◽  
Jo Anne Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
The Family ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Corinectria fuckeliana, Neonectria hederae, and N. punicea are fungi in the family Nectriaceae that cause canker diseases of numerous hardwood trees, conifers, and woody perennials, often leading to plant mortality. Here, we report draft genome sequences for these three phytopathogenic fungal species. The genome sizes are consistent with those reported for other members of the Nectriaceae (28 to 43 Mb). These are the first genome resources available for C. fuckeliana, N. hederae, and N. punicea. These genome sequences may provide insights into the mechanisms of virulence and pathogenicity employed by these three destructive plant pathogens, and are resources suitable for the development of molecular markers that could be used for species identification, diagnostic tools and barcodes, and population studies.

scholarly journals Identification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting fruiting bodies of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (10) ◽  
pp. 2727-2738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urszula Perlińska-Lenart ◽  
Sebastian Piłsyk ◽  
Elżbieta Gryz ◽  
Jadwiga Turło ◽  
Dorota Hilszczańska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Tuber Aestivum ◽  
Its1 Region ◽  
Cultivable Bacteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Burgundy Truffle ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Different Strains

Abstract Tuber species may be regarded as complex microhabitats hosting diverse microorganisms inside their fruiting bodies. Here, we investigated the structure of microbial communities inhabiting the gleba of wild growing (in stands) T. aestivum, using Illumina sequencing and culture-based methods. The two methods used in combination allowed to extract more information on complex microbiota of Tuber aestivum gleba. Analysis of the V3–V4 region of 16S rDNA identified nine phyla of bacteria present in the gleba of T. aestivum ascomata, mostly Proteobacteria from the family Bradyrhizobiaceae. Our results ideally match the earlier data for other Tuber species where the family Bradyrhizobiaceae was the most represented. The ITS1 region of fungal rDNA represented six alien fungal species belonging to three phyla. To complement the metagenomic analysis, cultivable fungi and bacteria were obtained from the gleba of the same T. aestivum fruiting bodies. The identified fungi mostly belong to the phylum Basidiomycota and same to Ascomycota. Analysis of cultivable bacteria revealed that all the specimens were colonized by different strains of Bacillus. Fungal community inhabiting T. aestivum fruiting bodies was never shown before.

scholarly journals Skipping the Insect Vector: Plant Stolon Transmission of the Phytopathogen ‘Ca. Phlomobacter fragariae’ from the Arsenophonus Clade of Insect Endosymbionts

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Jessica Dittmer ◽  
Thierry Lusseau ◽  
Xavier Foissac ◽  
Franco Faoro
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Strawberry Plant ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nutrient Provisioning ◽  
Early Growth Phase

The genus Arsenophonus represents one of the most widespread clades of insect endosymbionts, including reproductive manipulators and bacteriocyte-associated primary endosymbionts. Two strains belonging to the Arsenophonus clade have been identified as insect-vectored plant pathogens of strawberry and sugar beet. The bacteria accumulate in the phloem of infected plants, ultimately causing leaf yellows and necrosis. These symbionts therefore represent excellent model systems to investigate the evolutionary transition from a purely insect-associated endosymbiont towards an insect-vectored phytopathogen. Using quantitative PCR and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that ‘Candidatus Phlomobacter fragariae’, bacterial symbiont of the planthopper Cixius wagneri and the causative agent of Strawberry Marginal Chlorosis disease, can be transmitted from an infected strawberry plant to multiple daughter plants through stolons. Stolons are horizontally growing stems enabling the nutrient provisioning of daughter plants during their early growth phase. Our results show that Phlomobacter was abundant in the phloem sieve elements of stolons and was efficiently transmitted to daughter plants, which rapidly developed disease symptoms. From an evolutionary perspective, Phlomobacter is, therefore, not only able to survive within the plant after transmission by the insect vector, but can even be transmitted to new plant generations, independently from its ancestral insect host.

scholarly journals Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Nicolò Orsoni ◽  
Francesca Degola ◽  
Luca Nerva ◽  
Franco Bisceglie ◽  
Giorgio Spadola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Horticultural Crops

As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

Key Insights and Research Prospects at the Dawn of the Population Genomics Era for Verticillium dahliae

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie-Yin Chen ◽  
Steven J. Klosterman ◽  
Xiao-Ping Hu ◽  
Xiao-Feng Dai ◽  
Krishna V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Characteristic Features

The genomics era has ushered in exciting possibilities to examine the genetic bases that undergird the characteristic features of Verticillium dahliae and other plant pathogens. In this review, we provide historical perspectives on some of the salient biological characteristics of V. dahliae, including its morphology, microsclerotia formation, host range, disease symptoms, vascular niche, reproduction, and population structure. The kaleidoscopic population structure of this pathogen is summarized, including different races of the pathogen, defoliating and nondefoliating phenotypes, vegetative compatibility groupings, and clonal populations. Where possible, we place the characteristic differences in the context of comparative and functional genomics analyses that have offered insights into population divergence within V. dahliae and the related species. Current challenges are highlighted along with some suggested future population genomics studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the population divergence in V. dahliae. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Meliola mangiferae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
The Family

Abstract A description is provided for Meliola mangiferae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Meliola mangiferae, as with the family Meliolaceae in general, is found on living leaves parasitizing the epidermis and sometimes deeper tissues, but without production of obvious disease symptoms. HOSTS: Mangifera indica, M. rigida and Mangifera sp. (Hansford, 1961). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, British Guiana, Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Indonesia (Java), Jamaica, Malaysia, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela. Meliola mangiferae is found in practically all areas of mango cultivation, with the exception of Africa and Australia (Hansford, 1961). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.

The mycobiome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with periodontal disease

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Brook A. Niemiec ◽  
Jerzy Gawor ◽  
Shuiquan Tang ◽  
Aishani Prem ◽  
Janina A. Krumbeck
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Next Generation Dna Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
The Family ◽  
Healthy Dogs

Abstract OBJECTIVE To investigate the mycobiome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with various stages of periodontal disease. ANIMALS 51 dogs without periodontal disease (n = 12) or with mild (10), moderate (19), or severe (10) periodontal disease. PROCEDURES The whole maxillary arcade of each dog was sampled with a sterile swab, and swabs were submitted for next-generation DNA sequencing targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region with a commercial sequencing platform. RESULTS Fungi were detected in all samples, with a total of 320 fungal species from 135 families detected in the data set. No single fungal species was found in all samples. The 3 most frequently found fungal species were Cladosporium sp (46/51 samples), Malassezia restricta (44/51 samples), and Malassezia arunalokei (36/51 samples). Certain fungi, specifically those of the family Didymellaceae, the family Irpicaceae, and the order Pleosporales, were significantly associated with different stages of periodontitis. Mycobial analysis indicated that Cladosporium sp could be considered part of the core oral cavity mycobiome. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results highlighted that fungi are present in the oral cavity of dogs and are characterized by substantial species diversity, with different fungal communities associated with various stages of periodontal disease. The next-generation DNA sequencing used in the present study revealed substantially more species of fungi than previous culture-based studies.

scholarly journals Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Collected from Olive and Other Hosts in Spain and California

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 1340-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Moral ◽  
Concepción Muñoz-Díez ◽  
Nazaret González ◽  
Antonio Trapero ◽  
Themis J. Michailides
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Olive Fly ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Olive Trees

Species in the family Botryosphaeriaceae are common pathogens causing fruit rot and dieback of many woody plants. In this study, 150 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates were collected from olive and other hosts in Spain and California. Representative isolates of each type were characterized based on morphological features and comparisons of DNA sequence data of three regions: internal transcribed spacer 5.8S, β-tubulin, and elongation factor. Three main species were identified as Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, causing dieback of branches of olive and pistachio; Diplodia seriata, causing decay of ripe fruit and dieback of olive branches; and Botryosphaeria dothidea, causing dalmatian disease on unripe olive fruit in Spain. Moreover, the sexual stage of this last species was also found attacking olive branches in California. In pathogenicity tests using unripe fruit and branches of olive, D. seriata isolates were the least aggressive on the fruit and branches while N. mediterraneum isolates were the most aggressive on both tissues. Isolates of B. dothidea which cause dalmatian disease on fruit were not pathogenic on branches and only weakly aggressive on fruit. These results, together with the close association between the presence of dalmatian disease symptoms and the wound created by the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae), suggest that the fly is essential for the initiation of the disease on fruit. Isolates recovered from dalmatian disease symptoms had an optimum of 26°C for mycelial growth and 30°C for conidial germination, suggesting that the pathogen is well adapted to high summer temperatures. In contrast, the range of water activity in the medium for growth of dalmatian isolates was 0.93 to 1 MPa, which was similar to that for the majority of fungi. This study resolved long-standing questions of identity and pathogenicity of species within the family Botryosphaeriaceae attacking olive trees in Spain and California.

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