scholarly journals Strigolactones as mediators between fungi and plants

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kowalczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

A constantly changing environment is challenging for all organisms on Earth, especially for terrestrial plants, which face several environmental stresses despite their static way of life. In attempts to understand the mechanisms responsible for plant growth and development, scientists have recently focused on a small group of carotenoid derivatives called “strigolactones” (SLs), which are synthesized mostly in the roots in response to a variety of external factors. Strigolactones are compounds that define plant plasticity towards many environmental factors, including the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis under nutrient-deficient conditions. As exogenous signals, they can stimulate the branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae and as endogenous signals they adjust a plant architecture, including changes within the roots, allowing host plant and fungi to meet. SLs can also function as signaling molecules that allow colonization and establishment of the later stages of mutualistic symbioses between organisms such as AMF. SLs act on AMF metabolism by stimulating its mitochondrial respiration. Genes encoding enzymes crucial for SL biosynthesis – <em>CCD7</em> and <em>CCD8</em> – are also found in gymnosperm genomes, which encourages speculation that strigolactones may also be part of a host-plant and ectomycorrhizal fungi signaling pathway during the establishment of symbiosis. Nevertheless, SLs impact on ectomycorrhiza formation remain unknown. The broad spectrum of SL bioactivity has made these compounds valuable from an industrial perspective. In the future, SLs may be commercialized in plant protection products, biostimulants, or as substances used in genetic engineering to allow the creation of crops capable of growing under disadvantageous conditions.

scholarly journals The Phosphate Inhibition Paradigm: Host and Fungal Genotypes Determine Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization and Responsiveness to Inoculation in Cassava With Increasing Phosphorus Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alexander Peña Venegas ◽  
Soon-Jae Lee ◽  
Moses Thuita ◽  
Deusdedit Peter Mlay ◽  
Cargele Masso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
P Supply

A vast majority of terrestrial plants are dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for their nutrient acquisition. AMF act as an extension of the root system helping phosphate uptake. In agriculture, harnessing the symbiosis can potentially increase plant growth. Application of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis has been demonstrated to increase the yields of various crops. However, there is a paradigm that AMF colonization of roots, as well as the plant benefits afforded by inoculation with AMF, decreases with increasing phosphorus (P) supply in the soil. The paradigm suggests that when fertilized with sufficient P, inoculation of crops would not be beneficial. However, the majority of experiments demonstrating the paradigm were conducted in sterile conditions without a background AMF or soil microbial community. Interestingly, intraspecific variation in R. irregularis can greatly alter the yield of cassava even at a full application of the recommended P dose. Cassava is a globally important crop, feeding 800 million people worldwide, and a crop that is highly dependent on AMF for P uptake. In this study, field trials were conducted at three locations in Kenya and Tanzania using different AMF and cassava varieties under different P fertilization levels to test if the paradigm occurs in tropical field conditions. We found that AMF colonization and inoculation responsiveness of cassava does not always decrease with an increased P supply as expected by the paradigm. The obtained results demonstrate that maximizing the inoculation responsiveness of cassava is not necessarily only in conditions of low P availability, but that this is dependent on cassava and fungal genotypes. Thus, the modeling of plant symbiosis with AMF under different P levels in nature should be considered with caution.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis increases relative apoplastic water flow in roots of the host plant under both well-watered and drought stress conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Bárzana ◽  
Ricardo Aroca ◽  
José Antonio Paz ◽  
François Chaumont ◽  
Mari Carmen Martinez-Ballesta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Affects Plant Immunity to Viral Infection and Accumulation

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Hao ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Baodong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Terrestrial Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, as root symbionts of most terrestrial plants, improve plant growth and fitness. In addition to the improved plant nutritional status, the physiological changes that trigger metabolic changes in the root via AM fungi can also increase the host ability to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant viruses are one of the important limiting factors for the commercial cultivation of various crops. The effect of AM fungi on viral infection is variable, and considerable attention is focused on shoot virus infection. This review provides an overview of the potential of AM fungi as bioprotection agents against viral diseases and emphasizes the complex nature of plant–fungus–virus interactions. Several mechanisms, including modulated plant tolerance, manipulation of induced systemic resistance (ISR), and altered vector pressure are involved in such interactions. We propose that using “omics” tools will provide detailed insights into the complex mechanisms underlying mycorrhizal-mediated plant immunity.

scholarly journals Phytohormones Regulate the Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dehua Liao ◽  
Shuangshuang Wang ◽  
Miaomiao Cui ◽  
Jinhui Liu ◽  
Aiqun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Della Proteins ◽  
Am Symbiosis

Most terrestrial plants are able to form a root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for enhancing the assimilation of mineral nutrients. AM fungi are obligate symbionts that depend on host plants as their sole carbon source. Development of an AM association requires a continuous signal exchange between the two symbionts, which triggers coordinated differentiation of both partners, to enable their interaction within the root cells. The control of the AM symbiosis involves a finely-tuned process, and an increasing number of studies have pointed to a pivotal role of several phytohormones, such as strigolactones (SLs), gibberellic acids (GAs), and auxin, in the modulation of AM symbiosis, through the early recognition of events up to the final arbuscular formation. SLs are involved in the presymbiotic growth of the fungus, while auxin is required for both the early steps of fungal growth and the differentiation of arbuscules. GAs modulate arbuscule formation in a dose-dependent manner, via DELLA proteins, a group of GRAS transcription factors that negatively control the GA signaling. Here, we summarize the recent findings on the roles of these plant hormones in AM symbiosis, and also explore the current understanding of how the DELLA proteins act as central regulators to coordinate plant hormone signaling, to regulate the AM symbiosis.

Novel Insights into Host Receptors and Receptor-mediated Signaling that Regulate Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Nasir ◽  
Ali Bahadur ◽  
Xiaolong Lin ◽  
Yingzhi Gao ◽  
Chunjie Tian
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Am Symbiosis

Abstract More than 80% of land plant species benefit from symbiotic partnerships with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that assist in nutrient acquisition and enhance the ability of host plants to adapt to environmental constraints. Host-generated plasma membrane-residing receptor-like kinases and the α/β-hydrolases, e.g. DWARF14-LIKE (D14L), a putative karrikin receptor, are used to detect the presence of AM fungi prior to physical contact between the host and fungus. Detection induces the activation of symbiosis-related transcriptional programming, enabling the successful establishment of AM symbiosis. In order to prevent hyper-colonization and to maintain a mutually beneficial association, the host plants precisely monitor and control AM symbiosis during the post-symbiotic stage via different molecular strategies. While previous studies have elucidated how host plant receptors and receptor-mediated signaling regulate AM symbiosis, the molecular details underlying these processes remain poorly understood. The recent identification of a rice (Oryza sativa) CHITIN-ELICITOR RECEPTOR-KINASE 1 (OsCERK1) interaction partner MYC FACTOR RECEPTOR 1 (OsMYR1), as well as new insights into D14L-receptor- and SUPER NUMERIC NODULES 1 (SUNN1) receptor-mediated signaling have improved our understanding of how host plant receptors and their corresponding signaling regulate AM symbiosis. The present review summarizes these and other current findings that have increased our limited understanding of receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of AM symbiosis. The identified receptors and/or their downstream signaling components could potentially be used to engineer economically-important crops with improved agronomic traits by conferring the ability to control the colonization of AM fungi in a precise manner.

Correlation analysis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community and host plant phylogeny

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANG Hai-Shui ◽  
◽  
WANG Qi ◽  
GUO Yi ◽  
XIONG Yan-Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Phylogeny ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Strigolactones: a cry for help in the rhizosphere

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. López-Ráez ◽  
María J. Pozo ◽  
José M. García-Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Fungal Partner ◽  
Cry For Help ◽  
Am Symbiosis

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a beneficial symbiosis established between fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and over 80% of terrestrial plants, including most agricultural and horticultural crop species. AM symbiosis improves the nutritional status and fitness of the host plant and enables the plant to perform better under stressful conditions. As a result, when plants are growing under unfavourable conditions, they try to recruit their AM fungal partner in the soil. Symbiosis establishment requires a complex chemical dialogue between the two partners, in which signalling molecules such as the strigolactones play a key role. Under deficient nutrient conditions, the host plant increases the production of strigolactones to promote fungal development and symbiosis establishment (a “cry for help”). As a clue to host presence in the rhizosphere, strigolactones are also detected by other organisms, particularly root parasitic plants, and therefore promote a parasitic interaction. We review here the role of strigolactones and their interaction with other phytohormones during AM symbiosis, paying special attention to the implications of the chemical communication that takes place in the rhizosphere. Finally, we point out the potential use of this molecular dialogue as a target for developing new biological control strategies against deleterious organisms such as root parasitic weeds.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community divergence within a common host plant in two different soils in a subarctic Aeolian sand area

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Francini ◽  
Minna Männistö ◽  
Vilhelmiina Alaoja ◽  
Minna-Maarit Kytöviita
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Aeolian Sand ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
Different Soils
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