scholarly journals Chitinolytic fungi from the Birjand plain of Southern Khorasan Province in Eastern Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Afsarzadeh Laein ◽  
Abbas Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
Chitinase Genes ◽  
South Khorasan ◽  
Fungal Chitinases ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization

Fungal chitinases play important roles in the decomposition of wastes, mycoparasitism, and biocontrol of nematodes and plant pathogens through chitin biodegradation. This study was conducted during 2013–2017 to investigate the presence of chitinase genes in <em>Trichoderma</em> and <em>Clonostachys</em> species from the Birjand plain, and to evaluate their ability to degrade chitin. Fungal spores and soil suspensions were cultured on minimal medium containing 1% colloidal chitin from crab bodies to isolate chitinolytic fungi. Chitinolytic ability of the isolates was evaluated on this medium by staining with 1% Lugol’s iodine solution and screening for the production of a bright halo around the colonies. Fifty-two isolates capable of degrading chitin were recovered. DNA extracted from the isolates was amplified using Chit2 or DECH degenerative primers that are related to the chitinase gene, and their sequences were aligned using the NCBI GenBank database. The Chit2 and DECH primers amplified 600-bp and 250-bp fragments, respectively, and according to sequence alignment, the isolates had sequences similar to that of the <em>chi18</em> chitinase genes. Morphological and molecular characterization allowed identifying the isolates as belonging to the species <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> (<em>n</em> = 41), <em>T. longibrachiatum</em> (<em>n</em> = 1), <em>T. virens</em> (<em>n</em> = 3), <em>T. brevicompactum</em> (<em>n</em> = 1), <em>Clonostachys rosea</em> (<em>n</em> = 5), and <em>C. rogersoniana</em> (<em>n</em> = 1), some of which may potentially be used as biocontrol agents of pathogenic nematodes and fungi. This is the first report of isolation of fungi capable of chitin biodegradation from the South Khorasan Province in Eastern Iran.

Inequality trends in the distribution of healthcare human resources in eastern Iran

2021 ◽  
pp. 201010582110411
Author(s):  
Sam Sotodeh Manesh ◽  
Mahsa Hedayati Zafarghandi ◽  
Zahra Merati ◽  
Javad Ebrahimzadeh ◽  
Mansoor Delpasand
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Eastern Iran ◽  
Healthcare Human Resources ◽  
South Khorasan

Background Inequitable distribution of human resources in healthcare is one of the main obstacles to improve any health system. This study aimed to evaluate inequalities in the distribution of human resources in healthcare in South Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods We have investigated three types of health staff (i.e. nurses, general practitioners, and specialists) from 2013 to 2018. Data were collected from the annual reports of the Statistical Centre of Iran. The Gini coefficient and time trend regression were applied to measure the inequality. Results The distribution of specialists and general practitioners were the highest and lowest inequality, respectively. Inequalities in the distribution of nurses and specialists have decreased from 2013 to 2018, while the Gini coefficients of the general practitioners have increased from 0.31 to 0.38. According to the regression analysis, inequality in the distribution of nurses and specialists was decreasing over the time; however, the decline was only significant for specialists. While the coefficient B for general practitioners is positive, this indicates raised inequality, but the observed increase was not significant. Conclusions This study revealed that Iran, similar to several other low- and middle-income countries, is with faced the challenge of inequitable distribution of human resources in healthcare, which in turn indicates the necessity of reforms at national and regional levels to address inequalities in the distribution of healthcare human resources, particularly in South Khorasan Province. Hence, the main policy recommendation is to focus on continuous monitoring and evaluation of resource allocation in South Khorasan Province to reduce inequalities.

scholarly journals High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1767-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Huffman ◽  
C. Pöhlker ◽  
A. J. Prenni ◽  
P. J. DeMott ◽  
R. H. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
Ice Nucleators ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Bacterial Aggregates ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Biological Aerosol Particles

Abstract. Bioaerosols are relevant for public health and may play an important role in the climate system, but their atmospheric abundance, properties and sources are not well understood. Here we show that the concentration of airborne biological particles in a forest ecosystem increases dramatically during rain and that bioparticles are closely correlated with atmospheric ice nuclei (IN). The greatest increase of bioparticles and IN occurred in the size range of 2–6 μm, which is characteristic for bacterial aggregates and fungal spores. By DNA analysis we found high diversities of airborne bacteria and fungi, including human and plant pathogens (mildew, smut and rust fungi, molds, Enterobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae). In addition to known bacterial and fungal IN (Pseudomonas sp., Fusarium sporotrichioides), we discovered two species of IN-active fungi that were not previously known as biological ice nucleators (Isaria farinosa and Acremonium implicatum). Our findings suggest that atmospheric bioaerosols, IN and rainfall are more tightly coupled than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Survival and probability of transmission of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of honey bee workers

Apidologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgiane B. Parish ◽  
Eileen S. Scott ◽  
Raymond Correll ◽  
Katja Hogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Honey Bee Workers

AbstractHoney bees, Apis mellifera, have been implicated as vectors of plant pathogens. However, the survival of spores of plant pathogenic fungi through the digestive tract of workers has not been investigated. As workers defecate outside the hive, transport of hives could give rise to biosecurity concerns if fungal spores remain viable following passage through the digestive tract. To determine the likelihood that honey bees serve as vectors, this study investigated the viability of spores of Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum acutatum after passing through the digestive tract of summer and autumn worker bees. For both fungi, the mean viability of spores in faeces suspensions was less than one percent of the initial dose fed to the bees. Although survival was low, the large number of workers per hive implies a high probability of transmission of viable spores through honey bee faeces. Hence, in the case of economically important fungal diseases, transported hives could be a source of inoculum and quarantine restrictions should be considered.

Mucosal staining of the esophagus with lugol's iodine solution: Technical aspects

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Kidwell ◽  
DE Fleischer ◽  
GQ Wang ◽  
RM Anderson ◽  
B Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine

scholarly journals The Involvement of Jasmonic Acid, Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid in the Signaling Pathway of Clonostachys rosea-Induced Resistance to Gray Mold Disease in Tomato

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1102-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuying Wang ◽  
Xiuling Chen ◽  
Xinfeng Chai ◽  
Dongqi Xue ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Regulatory Pathways

Tomato gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is a serious disease that threatens tomato production around the world. Clonostachys rosea has been used successfully as a biocontrol agent against divergent plant pathogens, including B. cinerea. To understand the signal transduction pathway of C. rosea-induced resistance to tomato gray mold disease, the effects of C. rosea on gray mold tomato leaves along with changes in the activities of three defense enzymes (phenylalanine ammonialyase [PAL], polyphenol oxidase [PPO], and catalase [CAT]), second messengers (nitric oxide [NO], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and superoxide anion radical [O2−]), and stress-related genes (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK], WRKY, Lexyl2, and atpA) in four different hormone-deficient (jasmonic acid [JA], ethylene [ET], salicylic acid [SA], and gibberellin) tomato mutants were investigated. The results revealed that C. rosea significantly inhibited the growth of mycelia and spore germination of B. cinerea. Furthermore, it reduced the incidence of gray mold disease, induced higher levels of PAL and PPO, and induced lower levels of CAT activities in tomato leaves. Moreover, it also increased NO, H2O2, and O2− levels and the gene expression levels of WRKY, MAPK, atpA, and Lexyl2. The incidence of gray mold disease in four hormone-deficient mutants was higher than that in the corresponding wild-type tomato plants. Among all of these hormone-deficient tomato mutants, JA had the most significant effect in regulating the different signal molecules. Additional study suggested that JA upregulated the expression of Lexyl2, MAPK, and WRKY but downregulated atpA. Furthermore, JA also enhanced the activity of PAL, PPO, and CAT and the production of NO and H2O2. SA downregulated CAT and PAL, whereas ET upregulated PAL but downregulated CAT. This study is of significance in understanding the regulatory pathways and biocontrol mechanism of C. rosea against B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Gastric Mucosal Changes Caused by Lugol's Iodine Solution Spray: Endoscopic Features of 64 Cases on Screening Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Tsurumaru ◽  
Takashi Utsunomiya ◽  
Shuji Matsuura ◽  
Masahiro Komori ◽  
Satoshi Kawanami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Gastric Body ◽  
Gastric Disease ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Reticular Pattern ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mucosal Changes ◽  
Greater Curvature ◽  
Gastric Mucosal Changes

Aim. To clarify the endoscopic mucosal change of the stomach caused by Lugol's iodine solution spray on screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).Methods. Sixty-four consecutive patients who underwent EGD for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma screening were included in this study. The records for these patients included gastric mucosa findings before and after Lugol's iodine solution was sprayed. The endoscopic findings of the greater curvature of the gastric body were retrospectively analyzed based on the following findings: fold thickening, exudates, ulcers, and hemorrhage.Results. Mucosal changes occurred after Lugol's solution spray totally in 51 patients (80%). Fold thickening was observed in all 51 patients (80%), and a reticular pattern of white lines was found on the surface of the thickened gastric folds found in 28 of the patients (44%). Exudates were observed in 6 patients (9%).Conclusion. The gastric mucosa could be affected by Lugol's iodine; the most frequent endoscopic finding of this effect is gastric fold thickening, which should not be misdiagnosed as a severe gastric disease.

scholarly journals Sequential Application of Lugol’s Iodine Test after Acetic Acid for Detecting Cervical Dysplasia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1598
Author(s):  
Günther A. Rezniczek ◽  
Samira Ertan ◽  
Sadia Rehman ◽  
Clemens B. Tempfer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Study Endpoint ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Iodine Test

Applying Lugol’s iodine solution to the cervix followed by colposcopic assessment is an established standard test to identify low grade/high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL). Here, we assessed the performance of Lugol’s iodine test during colposcopy using a standardized protocol with 5% acetic acid followed by 5% Lugol’s iodine solution and recording the most severe acetowhite (MSAWL) and iodine-negative (MSINL) lesions in a prospective cohort of consecutive women referred to our specialized colposcopy unit. The primary study endpoint was the sensitivity/specificity of MSINL for the detection of LSIL/HSIL. Secondary endpoints were the time to first appearance of the MSINL, MSINL staining intensity, and fading of MSINL. Three hundred and twenty women were included. The sensitivity and specificity of MSINL for the detection of LSIL/HSIL was 81.4 (95%—confidence interval (CI) 77.3–85.0)% and 29.5 (24.2–35.5)%, respectively. Ninety-six MSINL were identified exclusively by Lugol’s iodine test (no pathology, n = 46; LSIL, n = 29; HSIL, n = 21) (number needed to biopsy to identify one additional LSIL/HSIL = 1.9). In 17/320 (5.3%) patients, the clinical management was changed based on the result of Lugol’s iodine test. Video analysis showed an instant appearance of the MSINL within 10 s in 100% of cases. Intensity of MSINL significantly correlated with the presence/absence of LSIL/HSIL (Spearman rank order correlation; p < 0.0001). Fading of iodine-induced staining intensity over time was not observed. Thus, Lugol’s iodine showed moderate sensitivity and poor specificity, but changed clinical management in 5% of cases when used in addition to acetic acid.

scholarly journals Comparison between five coprological methods for the diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts in fecal samples from pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-877
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Pinilla ◽  
Andrea Isabel Pinilla ◽  
Angel Alberto Florez
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
Iodine Solution ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Balantidium Coli ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Fair Degree ◽  
Backyard Pigs

Background and Aim: Balantidium coli is a protozoan that can infect humans and non-human primates, being the domestic pigs the animals most affected by this parasite. This study aimed to compare the performance of five coprological methods for diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts in fecal samples from pigs. Materials and Methods: From September to December 2019, 558 fecal samples were collected from the rectum of backyard pigs in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, Colombia. The average age of the sampled animals was 3-4 months. Fecal samples collected were tested using the following coprological techniques: Direct examination with Lugol's iodine solution, buffered saline, centrifugation/flotation and McMaster techniques, and Ziehl–Neelsen method. Results: The results indicate that B. coli cysts were diagnosed most frequently through direct examination with Lugol's iodine solution (52.7% of the samples) followed by direct examination with a buffered saline solution (37.6%). Moderate concordance (k=0.41; p<0.05) was determined between direct method with Lugol's iodine and buffered saline solution, McMaster and buffered saline (k=0.35; p<0.05), and centrifugation/flotation and buffered saline (k=0.28; p<0.05) showed a fair degree of concordance. The rest of the comparisons were classified as poor. The flotation techniques (centrifugation/ flotation and McMaster) did not show good recovery of cysts. Conclusion: It is concluded that the most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was to an association between direct examination with Lugol's iodine solution and buffered saline.

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