scholarly journals Flora in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamość region

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Marta Ziemińska-Smyk ◽  
Teresa Grażyna Wyłupek ◽  
Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz
Keyword(s):  
Cichorium Intybus ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Papaver Rhoeas ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Grassland Species ◽  
Floristic Inventory ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Abandoned Fields ◽  
Segetal Flora

A floristic inventory of segetal flora was carried out in abandoned fields and adjacent crop fields on rendzina soils in the Zamość region in the year 2010. This study found a total of 130 weed species belonging to 30 botanical families. The following families were represented most frequently: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Brassicaceae. In the segetal flora, apophytes are dominant (55% of the total flora), with the highest number of meadow and xerothermic grassland species among them. Archeophytes (38%) predominate in the group of anthropophytes. The species characterized by the highest constancy classes and reaching the highest cover indices posed the greatest threat to crops in the study area. The following weeds are most frequently found in fallow fields: <em>Consolida regalis</em>, <em>Cichorium intybus</em>, and <em>Sinapis arvensis</em>, while <em>Papaver rhoeas</em> is the greatest threat to cereal crops grown on rendzina soils.

scholarly journals Biotypes of scentless chamomile Matricaria maritima (L.) ssp. inodora (L.) Dostal and common poppy Papaver rhoeas (L.) resistant to tribenuron methyl, in Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-406
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Adamczewski ◽  
Roman Kierzek ◽  
Kinga Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Papaver Rhoeas ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop ◽  
Tribenuron Methyl

Abstract Scentless chamomile Matricaria maritima (L.) ssp. inodora (L.) Dostal and common poppy Papaver rhoeas (L.) are species which very often infest winter cereal and winter rape crops. Inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS) are commonly used for control of these weeds. The herbicides are characterised by a single site of action in the plant, which has an influence on selection of the weed population and may result in a rapid development of resistance. In 2012, five seed samples of scentless chamomile and five samples of common poppy were collected from five winter wheat crop fields in Żuławy Gdańskie where the weed species were very poorly controlled. Results of greenhouse experiments showed that two biotypes of scentless chamomile and common poppy were resistant to tribenuron methyl. It was not possible to control resistant biotypes even after use of tribenuron methyl at a dose four times higher than recommended in Poland, it is the first reported case of scentless chamomile and common poppy biotypes’ resistance to herbicides. It is not of economic importance but it does prove the growing problem of weed resistance in the country.

scholarly journals The species diversity of cereal and root communities in the municipalities located in the strug river valley in Podkarpackie Voivodeship

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Maria Ziaja
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Segetal Flora

The research on segetal flora and agricultural ecosystems has gained special importance in recent years, since they are an important element in biodiversity conservation. An evaluation of the status of the segetal flora was made on the basis of a study conducted in the period 1998–2002 in crop fields of four municipalities located in the Strug River valley in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. This research was carried out in root and cereal crops. Total species richness and the average number of species per relevé were determined in this study. In determining species diversity of the communities, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) was used. In cereal crops, the community <em>Vicietum tetraspermae typicum </em>was characterized by the greatest species richness (109 species), while <em>Vicietum tetraspermae consolidetosum </em>showed the lowest richness (57 species). In root crops, the association <em>Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi </em>exhibited the greatest richness (78 species), whereas <em>Galinsogo-Setarietum typicum </em>the lowest richness (53 species). In the cereal communities, a total 149 of weed species were recorded, while in the root communities their total number was 97. The values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) ranged from 3.10 to 2.42. The phytocoenoses <em>Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi, Vicietum tetraspermae typicum,</em> and<em> Vicietum tetraspermae</em>, the<em> </em>variant with<em> Vicia grandiflora, </em>were characterized by the highest values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), whereas the association <em>Galinsogo-Setarietum typicum</em> and the impoverished communities from the alliance <em>Aperion spicae-venti </em>showed the lowest values.

Weed Seed Contamination of Cotton Gin Trash

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Kenneth L. Smith ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel ◽  
Clifford H. Koger
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Cotton gins in Arkansas, western Tennessee, and western Mississippi were sampled for weed seed contamination of gin trash in fall 2007. A total of 473 samples were collected, with 453 samples from Arkansas. The objectives of this research were to determine the weed species most frequently found in gin trash and determine what means gin operators are using to dispose of gin trash. There were 25 weed species found in the gin trash samples—11 grass and 14 broadleaf weeds. Grass and broadleaf weeds were present in 41.4 and 8.5% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently found species were large crabgrass (19.0%), barnyardgrass (14.0%), goosegrass (12.9%), red sprangletop (8.2%) and Palmer amaranth (4.2%). Viable seeds of barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, and prickly sida were present in the surface layer (0- to 25-cm depth) of gin trash piles after 1 yr of composting. Viable Palmer amaranth seeds were present in the surface layer of gin trash piles after 2 yr of composting, but no germinable seeds were found deeper than 25 cm following 1 yr of composting. Gin trash disposal involved application of the material to crop fields during the fall or winter months; composting followed by application of the compost as mulch or a soil amendment to gardens, flower beds, or crop fields; use as cattle feed; and coverage for landfills to reduce erosion and encourage growth of vegetation. Because of the demonstrated potential for weed seed dispersal via gin trash, including composted material, development of technologies to ensure disposal of a gin-trash product free of viable weed seed are justified.

Seasonal variation in dormancy and light sensitivity in buried seeds of eight annual weed species

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1998-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Milberg ◽  
Lars Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Light Requirement ◽  
Papaver Rhoeas ◽  
Buried Seeds ◽  
Urtica Urens

We recorded germination in three different light environments (light, dark, and after a short light exposure) in eight annual weed species. Seeds were buried outdoors at the end of November 1994 and exhumed monthly from March 1995 to April 1996. All species exhibited substantial seasonal changes in dormancy level, and the patterns suggest that seeds of Papaver rhoeas germinate strictly in the autumn; Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia sophia, Spergula arvensis, and Urtica urens mainly in the autumn; Chenopodium suecicum strictly in the spring; and Matricaria perforata mainly in the spring. Lapsana communis showed inconsistent dormancy changes over the year. All species had acquired a light requirement for germination after being in the soil, and in many cases the short light exposure (1050 μmol∙m−2) was enough to fulfil this requirement. The demonstrated seasonal changes in light sensitivity in several of the species will have to be taken into account in attempts to photocontrol weeds. By using the short-light treatment, we were able to detect seasonal dormancy changes that would not have been obvious by testing for germination in only light and darkness. Hence, light is not a simple dichotomous factor in its effect on germination. Key words: dormancy, germination, light, seed, Sweden, weed.

scholarly journals MULTIVARIATE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF WEEDS OF CHICKPEA, MUSTARD AND WHEAT CROP FIELDS OF TEHSIL ISAKHEL, DISTRICT MIANWALI (PUNJAB), PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Sohaib Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Indicator Species Analysis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Species Analysis

Multivariate analysis through Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) was conducted to study the phytosociological attributes of weeds of some selected crop fields of chickpea, mustard and wheat of Tehsil Isa Khel, District Mianwali, Punjab. Forty one (41) weed species were collected from the study area belonging to twenty one (21) different families. Twenty four weed species found in chickpea, twenty five in mustard and twenty nine in wheat crop fields. Sixteen weed species were common in three crops. Family Poaceae and Astraceae had maximum weed species i.e. 7 and 6 species respectively followed by Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Papaveraceae, Zygophyllaceae and so on. Asphodelus tenuifolius, Medicago monantha and Carthamus oxycantha are frequently occurring weeds relative to others. Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) was performed on the percentage cover basis which divided the weed species into groups, sub groups, associations and sub associations.

scholarly journals Protection of segetal flora and vegetation in Poland (historical outline)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Siciński ◽  
Jarosław Sieradzki
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Land ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
High Doses ◽  
New Races ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Segetal Flora

Protection of segetal flora and vegetation in Poland (historical outline) The flora associated with crop land maintained a stable species composition for many centuries until the 1960s when profound and fast changes occured due to human activity. Factors that destructively affect given species, but also whole field communities, are: continuous chemicalization of agriculture (i.e. application of crop protection substances, pesticides, and mainly herbicides, as well as spreading of high doses of mineral fertilizers on crop land), introduction of sewing material that is completely purified from weed seeds, introduction of new races of crop plants, simplification of crop rotation patterns, introduction of new techniques of soil and plant cultivation and draining of cultivated fields. These factors have caused various transformations of the field flora, often abruptly and chaotically, such as the disappearance of numerous weed species. The rate of these transformations varies from country to country, region to region, and even field to field. These facts have made numerous investigators pay much interest to the conservation of the segetal flora, both in cultivated land and in preserved areas, such as national and landscape parks, botanical gardens and open-air museums. The problem of transformations in the segetal flora vegetation is a very important one both from the utilitarian and ‘nature conservation’ point of view.

scholarly journals Medicinal weeds in the rice field of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Ram Sharan Dani ◽  
Achyut Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Periodic Field ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Practitioners

Weed management in the crop field is one of the major challenges of agriculture. It has been reported that new weeds are encroaching crop fields due to anthropogenic activities such as the use of insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizer, and also due to climatic changes including warming temperatures, erratic and unseasonal precipitation, flood and landslides. The agricultural history of Kathmandu valley is quite old, which represents one of the highly productive valleys in of Nepal for agricultural crops including rice, indicating the long history of weeds in the region. There are quite a lot number of medicinally important plants found in rice field as weeds. Traditional practitioners are using these weeds in curing diseases as primary health care, and the utilization of weeds is the best method of weed management. The objective of this present study was to enumerate the weeds in and around paddy field and gather their medicinal properties of weeds among the local people of Kathmandu valley in order to assist with the weed management of paddy field. The periodic field survey was conducted in 9 selected sites, 3 from each district (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur) during summer 2012-2014 (two times: crop matured seasons and just after harvesting). We found 104 weed species belonging to 36 families in the rice field of Kathmandu valley that have medicine values.

DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF WEEDS IN WHEAT CROP GROWN IN DISTRICT KHANEWAL, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Ghulam Murtaza ◽  
Allah Ditta ◽  
Tamana Bakht ◽  
Muhammad Asif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Importance Value Index ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Weed Infestation

Weed infestation is among the main biotic factors affecting growth and yield of various crops. This issue is more drastic for cereal crops like wheat which is the staple food crop of over 2.5 billion population of the world. One the control strategy is the investigated the distribution pattern of weeds under field conditions. In this regard, a survey study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of weed species in wheat crop during 2016-18 in district Khanewal, Punjab Pakistan. Thirty-six weed species distributed among fifteen different families collected from the study area. Family Poaceae was dominant with 10 species while family Asteraceae was the second most dominant family with four weed species. Cynadon dactylon was the most frequently found specie with frequency value 79.1% while Paspalum distichum had the highest importance value index (6.96) among the weeds of the study area.

An assessment of reduced herbicide and fertilizer inputs on cereal grain yield and weed growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.C. Stevenson ◽  
A.M. Johnston ◽  
S.A. Brandt ◽  
L. Townley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Cereal Grain

AbstractAlthough crop production and weed growth could change if herbicides and fertilizer inputs were reduced, the short-term impact in an annual cropping system in the Northern Great Plains is not well understood. Data were collected from 14 sites in Saskatchewan, Canada, to investigate the influence of weed control method (cultural vs. herbicides) and N and P fertilizers on crop yield of fall rye, spring wheat, and barley, and the presence and number of weed species. Cultural weed control included 25% greater crop seeding rate, preseeding tillage closer to the time of seeding, and fertilizer N banding in closer proximity to the seed. Four weed species (wild oat, lambsquarters, wild buckwheat, and field penny cress) occurred more frequently in plots with cultural weed control compared with herbicide weed control for all cereal crops. However, straw and grain yields of all crops were unaffected by weed control method at all sites. The addition of fertilizer had a major impact on crop growth and some weed species. Green foxtail occurred more often in unfertilized compared with fertilized plots for all cereal crops. Straw and grain yields of all cereal crops were higher in fertilized compared with unfertilized plots. Crop yield response to fertilizer inputs was not consistent among sites for the three cereal crops. Producers making drastic reductions in fertilizer inputs may experience reductions in crop yields because of limited nutrient levels. However, the results indicate that herbicide inputs could be reduced or eliminated periodically with no short-term yield loss in cereal cropping systems.

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