scholarly journals Evaluation of yield quality and weed infestation of common valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) in dependence on weed control method and forecrop.

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Positive Effect

A field experiment involving the cultivation of common valerian was conducted on loess soil in Abramów (Lublin region) in the period 2007-2009. Qualitative parameters of herbal raw material obtained from this plant as well as in-crop weed infestation were evaluated depending on the protection method and forecrop. Hand-weeded plots, in which a hand hoe was used, were the control. In the other treatments, weeds were controlled using various herbicides and a mechanical implement (brush weeder). Potato and winter wheat + field pea cover crop were the forecrops for common valerian crops. A hypothesis was made that the use of a brush weeder and herbicides not registered for application in valerian crops would have a positive effect on this plant's productivity and weed infestation in its crops. It was also assumed that the introduction of a cover crop would allow the elimination of differences in the forecrop value of the crop stands in question. The best quantitative and qualitative parameters of common valerian raw material as well as the largest reduction of incrop weed infestation were recorded after the application of the herbicides which were not type approved. The use of the brush weeder in the interrows also had a beneficial effect on productivity of the plant in question, but secondary weed infestation at the end of the growing season of common valerian turned out to be its disadvantage. Traditional crop protection methods used in common valerian crops were less effective in weed infestation reduction and they resulted in lower plant productivity and raw material quality. Potato proved to be a better forecrop for common valerian than winter wheat + field pea; however, this positive effect was not confirmed statistically. The following annual weeds: <i>Chenopodium album</i>, <i>Galinsoga parviflora</i>, <i>Stellaria media</i>, were predominant in the common valerian crop. Traditional weed control methods resulted in the dominance of some dicotyledonous weeds, such as <i>Viola arvensis</i>, <i>Galium aparine</i>, <i>Capsella bursa-pastoris</i>.

scholarly journals The response of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to the application of growth stimulators and forecrops

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary A. Kwiatkowski ◽  
Jolanta Juszczak
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Weed Infestation

A field experiment in growing sweet basil was carried out in the period 2008-2010 in Fajsławice (Lublin region), on podzolic soil. The study evaluated the biometric traits of the plants, yield, the qualitative parameters of herbal raw material and weed infestation of the crop in dependence on growth simulators (Asahi SL, Bio-algeen, Titanit) and the forecrop (winter wheat or spring barley + white mustard cover crop). Plots without foliar application of the growth stimulators were the control treatment. Tillage, mineral NPK fertilization as well as mechanical and chemical weed control were typical for this plant species and consistent with the recommendations for herbal plant protection. A hypothesis was made that the application of growth stimulators would have a positive effect on basil productivity, raw material quality and weed infestation of the basil crop. It was also assumed that the phytosanitary and fertilizing effects of the cover crop would result in higher and qualitatively better yield compared to the cereal forecrop alone (winter wheat). The best quantitative parameters of sweet basil raw material and the highest reduction in air-dry weight of weeds in the crop were observed after the application of the growth stimulators. The forecrop - spring barley + a white mustard cover crop that is ploughed in - also had a beneficial effect on yield and weed infestation of the plant in question. The traditional crop protection method used in the basil crop, without the application of the growth stimulators, resulted in a lower plant height and a smaller number of shoots per plant. This caused higher weed infestation of the crop and a decrease in yield. The positive side of the non-application of growth stimulators was a better chemical composition of basil raw material. Asahi SL and Tytanit yielded the best growth and productivity of the basil plants.

The integration of herbicides with mechanical weeding for weed control in winter wheat

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. BLAIR ◽  
P. A. JONES ◽  
R. H. INGLE ◽  
N. D. TILLETT ◽  
T. HAGUE
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Grass Weed

Two systems for integrated weed control in winter wheat based around the combination of herbicides with cultural control have been investigated and compared with conventional practice in experiments between 1993 and 2001. These systems were (a) an overall spray of a reduced herbicide dose followed by spring tine harrow weeding and (b) the combination of herbicide applied over the crop row with a novel vision guided inter-row hoe. The latter required wheat to be established with a wider (22 cm) inter-row spacing than standard (12·5 cm). Experiments over 10 sites/seasons indicated that this increased spacing could be achieved without yield loss. Trials to measure the accuracy of hoe blade lateral positioning using the vision guidance system indicated that error was normally distributed with standard deviation of 12 mm and a bias that could be set to within 1 cm. This performance could be maintained through the normal hoeing period and the crop row location and tracking techniques were robust to moderate weed infestation. In the absence of weeds neither overall harrowing nor inter-row hoeing affected winter wheat yield, 1000-seed weight or specific weight in 12·5 or 22 cm rows. When combined with inter-row hoeing, manually targeted banded applications of fluazolate, pendimethalin or isoproturon reduced grass weed levels and increased yields over untreated controls, though better results were obtained using overall herbicides. However, improvements would be possible with more accurately targeted herbicide applications and more effective inter-row grass weed control. The implications and costs of using such an integrated system are discussed and requirements for future developments identified.

Cereal cover crops for weed suppression in a summer fallow-wheat cropping sequence

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Moyer ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
E. G. Smith ◽  
S. M. McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Summer Fallow

Cropping systems in western Canada that include summer fallow can leave the soil exposed to erosion and require frequent weed control treatments. Cover crops have been used for soil conservation and to suppress weed growth. Experiments were conducted under rain-fed conditions at Lethbridge, Alberta to determine the effect of short-term fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and annual rye cover crops in the fallow year on weed growth and subsequent wheat yield. Under favorable weather conditions fall rye was as effective as post-harvest plus early spring tillage or herbicides in spring weed control. Winter wheat and fall rye residues, after growth was terminated in June, reduced weed biomass in September by 50% compared to no cover crop in 1993 but had little effect on weeds in 1995. Fall-seeded cover crops reduced the density of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber in Wiggers) and Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] but increased the density of downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), and thyme-leaved spurge (Euphorbia serpyllifolia Pers.) in the following fall or spring. Wheat yields after fall rye and no cover crop were similar but yields after spring-seeded annual rye were less than after no cover crop. Spring-seeded annual rye did not adequately compete with weeds. Cover crops, unlike the no cover crop treatment, always left sufficient plant residue to protect the soil from erosion until the following wheat crop was seeded. Key words: Allelopathies, fall rye, nitrogen, soil conservation, soil moisture, weed control, spring rye, winter wheat

scholarly journals Weed Control in a Newly Established Organic Vineyard

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercy Olmstead ◽  
Timothy W. Miller ◽  
Callie S. Bolton ◽  
Carol A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Hand Weeding

Consumer demand for organic and sustainably produced products has increased the interest in organic wine grape (Vitis vinifera) production. However, organic production can be challenging, and weed management is a critical issue during the establishment of an organic vineyard. In 2009, the effectiveness of five cover crop treatments and cultivation regimes was evaluated for two years for weed control in a newly established organic vineyard of ‘Pinot noir précoce’ and ‘Madeleine angevine’ grape cultivars in northwestern Washington State. Alleyway management treatments were cultivation in alleyways with hand weeding in the vine row (control), grass cover crop which included perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. perenne) and red fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria) seeded in the alleyway and in-row tillage with a specialty offset-type cultivator, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cover crop with in-row string-trimming, austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. sativum var. arvense) cover crop with in-row string-trimming, and winter wheat–austrian winter pea cover crop mix with in-row string-trimming. In 2009, weed dry biomass was lowest in the alleyway of the control (0.8 g·m−2) and offset cultivator treatments (6.3 g·m−2) on 3 Aug. and tended to be lowest in the alleyway of the control (4.8 g·m−2) and offset cultivator treatments (16.0 g·m−2) on 27 Sept. In the second year of establishment (2010), winter wheat and austrian winter pea were eliminated from the plots by mid-July, and white clover (Trifolium repens) and perennial ryegrass were the dominant weed species and accounted for a majority of the total weeds. On average over the two-year period, the control treatment required the most time for alleyway management (92 h·ha−1) followed by the offset cultivator treatment (64 h·ha−1), while the winter wheat, austrian winter pea, and winter wheat–austrian winter pea mixture required 32 to 42 h·ha−1. ‘Madeline angevine’ produced more shoot growth than ‘Pinot noir précoce’ in Sept. 2010 (42.3 and 25.9 cm respectively), and shoot growth of both cultivars in the control treatment was significantly longer (125.0 cm) than under any other treatment (55.4 to 93.0 cm), illustrating the importance of weed control during vineyard establishment. In this study, the most effective weed management regime, although also the most time consuming, included a vegetative-free zone around the vines (e.g., in-row) maintained by hand weeding and a cultivated alleyway.

scholarly journals Experiences with Conservation Tillage Vegetables in Tennessee

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin D. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Vicia Villosa

Research yields of conservation tillage (CT) snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) have been less than those produced under conventional tillage. This has been due to soil conditions at planting, the cover crop used, weed control and a lack of proper design in equipment for CT. However, some growers have been successful with CT for sweet corn using hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) as the cover crop. On-farm demonstrations of CT with cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group), pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum. & Nak.] have been successful and with good management it is commercially feasible under Tennessee conditions. Advantages include reduced soil erosion, cleaner products, more efficient application of crop protection chemicals, quicker planting after rainfall, lower energy costs and facilitation of harvest in wet weather. Disadvantages include reduced weed control, modifications of existing equipment, less uniformity in seed coverage and problems with transplanting, cover crop residue in mechanically harvested crops, possible delays in early harvest of fresh market crops due to delayed maturity and limited application of soil protective chemicals.

scholarly journals Do cover crop sowing date and fertilization affect field weed suppression?  

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sturm Dominic J ◽  
Kunz Christoph ◽  
Peteinatos Gerassimos ◽  
Gerhards Roland
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Oilseed Radish ◽  
Weed Suppressive Ability ◽  
Fertilization Effects

The weed suppressive ability of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers.) cover crop is attributed to high competitiveness for resources and biochemical effects on weeds. The oilseed radish cover crop was sown in five treatments plus an untreated control over a period of five weeks before and three weeks after winter wheat harvest. Additionally, fertilization effects on oilseed radish biomass and weed suppression were measured. The highest biomass of the cover crop was observed 12 weeks after harvest (WAH) when the oilseed radish was sown one week after harvest (1 WAH) (2015) and five weeks before harvest (5 WBH) (2016). No differences of fertilization were observed concerning oilseed radish and weed biomass in 2015, whereby increased biomass was found after fertilization in 2016. The highest weed control efficacy of up to 83% and 90% was achieved in treatments 1 WAH (2015) and 5 WBH (2016) at 12 WAH. The early sowing of oilseed radish in winter wheat resulted in low germination and biomass yield within the field, due to low precipitation in 2015. Nevertheless, there is a high potential of early sown oilseed radish for higher weed control efficacy, which was demonstrated in 2016.  

scholarly journals Optimized Deep Learning Model as a Basis for Fast UAV Mapping of Weed Species in Winter Wheat Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1704
Author(s):  
Tibor de Camargo ◽  
Michael Schirrmann ◽  
Niels Landwehr ◽  
Karl-Heinz Dammer ◽  
Michael Pflanz
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Mapping Process ◽  
Speed Performance ◽  
Uav Image

Weed maps should be available quickly, reliably, and with high detail to be useful for site-specific management in crop protection and to promote more sustainable agriculture by reducing pesticide use. Here, the optimization of a deep residual convolutional neural network (ResNet-18) for the classification of weed and crop plants in UAV imagery is proposed. The target was to reach sufficient performance on an embedded system by maintaining the same features of the ResNet-18 model as a basis for fast UAV mapping. This would enable online recognition and subsequent mapping of weeds during UAV flying operation. Optimization was achieved mainly by avoiding redundant computations that arise when a classification model is applied on overlapping tiles in a larger input image. The model was trained and tested with imagery obtained from a UAV flight campaign at low altitude over a winter wheat field, and classification was performed on species level with the weed species Matricaria chamomilla L., Papaver rhoeas L., Veronica hederifolia L., and Viola arvensis ssp. arvensis observed in that field. The ResNet-18 model with the optimized image-level prediction pipeline reached a performance of 2.2 frames per second with an NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier on the full resolution UAV image, which would amount to about 1.78 ha h−1 area output for continuous field mapping. The overall accuracy for determining crop, soil, and weed species was 94%. There were some limitations in the detection of species unknown to the model. When shifting from 16-bit to 32-bit model precision, no improvement in classification accuracy was observed, but a strong decline in speed performance, especially when a higher number of filters was used in the ResNet-18 model. Future work should be directed towards the integration of the mapping process on UAV platforms, guiding UAVs autonomously for mapping purpose, and ensuring the transferability of the models to other crop fields.

Influence of Management on Long-Term Seedbank Dynamics of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Cropping Systems of Southern Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. L. Kleemann ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

A field study was undertaken to investigate the influence of different management strategies on rigid ryegrass plant density and seedbank dynamics over 4 yr. Even though weed seedbank declined by 86% after oaten hay in year 1, the residual seedbank enabled rigid ryegrass to reinfest field peas the next year, and the population rebounded sharply when weed control relied solely on PPI trifluralin. However, use of POST clethodim followed by crop-topping for seed-set prevention of rigid ryegrass in field pea was highly effective and caused a further decline in the weed seedbank. Integration of effective management tactics over 3 yr significantly reduced rigid ryegrass weed and spike density (90 and 81%) in the final year of the 4-yr cropping sequence. Use of oaten hay in year 1, followed by effective weed control in field pea and wheat crops, depleted the high initial seedbank (4,820 seeds m−2) to moderate levels (< 200 seeds m−2) within 3 yr. Effective weed-management treatments depleted the rigid ryegrass seedbank, reduced in-crop weed infestation, and returned higher grain yields and profitability. The results of this study clearly show that large rigid ryegrass populations can be managed effectively without reducing crop productivity and profitability provided multiyear weed-management programs are implemented effectively.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF BASIC TILLAGE TECHNIQUES ON WEED INFESTATION OF A LINK OF CROP ROTATION CROWN FLAX –WINTER WHEAT –FOXTAIL MILLET IN STUBBLE –FIELD PEA

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
V.S. Polous ◽  
◽  
S.N. Osaulenko ◽  
A.I. Beliy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Weed Infestation

Currently, in practical agriculture, the role of resource-saving technologies for direct sowing of field crops in-creases; they produce positive results under the correct system of weed control only. To solve this problem, the research in various regions is required. Taking this into account, in the central zone of the Krasnodar Region from 2013 through 2018, we studied the effect of plowing (22-24 cm), surface tillage (6-8 cm) and zero tillage (direct seeding) on weeds after harvesting in the crops of crown flax, winter wheat, foxtail millet in stubble, and field pea. It was found that decreased tillage depth increased the ger-mination of annual weeds in the summer and autumn 1.7-2.9 times higher than after plowing (117 pcs per m2); and before herbicide application on growing crops 1.5-1.9 times higher than in the control (183 pcs m2). The applica-tion of the recommended preparations reduced the weed infestation by harvesting to 5.0-28.0 pcs m2. The applica-tion of fertilizers and chemicals ensured the effectiveness of the trial crops. Under zero tillage, the contingent net income of a crop rotation link made 58.6 thousand rubles ha; the crop yields were as following: crown flax -1.70 t ha, winter wheat -6.05 t ha, foxtail millet in stubble-0.50 t ha, field pea -3.62 t ha, although the yields turned out to be lower by 8%, 7%, 0%, 4%, respectively, than after plowing.

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