scholarly journals The effect of foliar nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with magnesium salts and urea on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Magnesium Acetate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Magnesium Salts

In a pot experiment conducted in a phytotron, the effectiveness of foliar nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with different magnesium salts with and without the addition of 0.5% CO(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> was studied. Magnesium was applied 3 times in the form of solutions of MgSO<sub>4</sub> x 7H<sub>2</sub>O, Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> x 6H<sub>2</sub>O, MgCl<sub>2</sub> x 6H<sub>2</sub>O, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Mg x 4H<sub>2</sub>O, compared to water as the control treatment. The obtained results showed that foliar feeding of spinach with inorganic magnesium salts was an efficient method for supplementing the Mg level in plants during the growing period. But the application of a metalo-organic complex in the form of magnesium acetate (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Mg x 4H<sub>2</sub>O) at a concentration of 1.7%, in spite of a similar effect on leaf Mg content, induced phytotoxic symptoms in the form of chlorotic and necrotic spots on the leaves. The application of the solutions of inorganic magnesium salts had a significant effect, resulting in more intensive leaf gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis) and an increase in leaf yield. Magnesium sulphate affected the abovementioned processes in the most effective way, while magnesium acetate had a negative impact. Foliar feeding of spinach with the magnesium salts resulted in an increased leaf content of protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, nitrates and proline, but a decrease in vitamin C content. The addition of urea to the applied magnesium salt solutions increased the plant gas exchange rates and the leaf content of protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, nitrates and proline, but it decreased the content of vitamin C, potassium and magnesium.

scholarly journals The effect of foliar feeding of potassium salts and urea in spinach on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Leaf Yield

In a pot experiment conducted in a phytotron, the effectiveness of foliar feeding of different potassium salts, with and without the addition of 0.5% CO(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, in spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) was investigated. Potassium was applied 3 times in the form of 1% solutions KCl, KNO<sub>3</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>K<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>&#8226;H<sub>2</sub>O, compared to water as the control treatment. The obtained results show that foliar feeding of potassium salts in spinach is an efficient method of supplementing the level of K<sup>+</sup> in plants during vegetation. Plants fed with KNO<sub>3</sub> had the highest content of potassium in leaves, and those fertilized with K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>K<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub> × H<sub>2</sub>O and KCl had an only slightly lower potassium content. The application of potassium salts resulted in more intensive gas exchange in leaves (stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration) and, as a consequence of that, increased leaf yield. Potassium nitrate and citrate influenced most effectively the abovementioned processes. The treatment of spinach with potassium salts resulted in an increased content of protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, nitrates and iron as well as a decreased content of vitamin C and calcium in leaves.

scholarly journals The effect of nitrogen form and air temperature during foliar fertilization on gas exchange, the yield and nutritive value of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract A pot experiment conducted in a growth chamber studied the effectiveness of foliar fertilization of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), with different forms of nitrogen applied with the air temperatures: 5°C, 15°C and 25°C. Nitrogen was supplied three times in the form of 1% water solutions of CO(NH2)2, NH4NO3, NH4HCO3 and Ca(NO3)2 × 4 H2O, with water as the control. The obtained results showed that nitrogen in the form of Ca(NO3)2 × 4 H2O - independent of the air temperature during solution application - is the least useful in foliar fertilization of spinach leaves, whereas the effectiveness of the other forms was similar, although the best effects were given by NH4NO3. Application of all forms of nitrogen at the air temperature of 25°C had the most positive effect on the course of gas exchange (stomatal conductivity, photosynthesis, transpiration). Despite that, the highest leaf yield with the highest content of nitrogen, total chlorophyll (a + b), carotenoids and vitamin C, and the lowest content of nitrates, was given by plants with foliar application of all nitrogen forms at the temperature of 15°C.

scholarly journals The effect of placement and light conditions during foliar application of Insol U fertilizer on gas exchange, yield and the quality of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Pot experiments conducted in a growth chamber studied the effectiveness of foliar fertilization of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with macro- and microelements in the form of a 1% water solution of Insol U fertilizer applied with fluorescent light of the PAR intensity of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and with dispersed daylight of the intensity of 600 μmol m-2 s-1. Insol U was applied three times, supplied on the upper, lower or both sides of the leaf blades. The control consisted of plants sprayed with distilled water. The obtained results pointed out that foliar fertilization of spinach with Insol U significantly increased the leaf gas exchange, the yield of the fresh leaf mass, the content of vitamin C, chlorophyll, carotenoids, as well as potassium and phosphorus in the leaves. The application of the fertilizer onto the upper and the lower side of the leaf blade had the most positive effect on the analysed property of the leaves. Independently of the side leaf, the application of the fertilizer at a higher light intensity had a significantly better consecutive effect on all the analysed properties of the leaves.

scholarly journals Biplot analysis of trait relations of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) landraces

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-690
Author(s):  
Naser Sabaghnia ◽  
Mehdi Mohebodini ◽  
Mohsen Janmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Spinach Leaf

Interest in growing winter spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Iran is increasing due to its good nutritional potential returns relative to other vegetable crops. The objectives of this research were to investigate the interrelationships among different traits of spinach and to evaluate different Iranian spinach landraces with application of the genotype ? trait (GT) biplot methodology in visualizing research data. 81 spinach landraces were grown during 2-years according to randomized complete block design with four replications. Ranking of the genotypes based on the ideal entry revealed that genotypes G1, G20, G7, G8, G9, G27, G49 G70 and G79 were higher in the measured traits and could be good candidates for improving most of the measured traits. Ranking of traits for the leaf yield showed that petiole diameter, petiole length, leaf numbers at flowering, 1000-seed weight and root dry weight were the most discriminating traits which influence spinach leaf yield at both years. There were 9 winning genotypes and 4 which-won-where patterns at the first year while there were 8 winning genotypes and 4 which-won-where patterns at the second year. As a result, the findings from our study are as follows: (i) traits leaf numbers at flowering, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petiole diameter and petiole length could be as selection indices for spinach leaf yield improvement, (ii) genotypes G1, G20, G7, G8, G9, G27, G49 G70, and G79 were the most favorable and is thus recommended for commercial release or incorporating in breeding programs; (iii) the GT biplot method can be used to identify superior genotypes in other crops and in other parts of the world.

DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN MULBERRY (MORUS SPP.): A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH WITH INSIGHTS INTO GROWTH DYNAMICS AND LEAF YIELD PRODUCTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANIRBAN GUHA ◽  
GIRISH KUMAR RASINENI ◽  
ATTIPALLI RAMACHANDRA REDDY
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Leaf Yield

SUMMARYThe present study documents critical analysis of drought-induced physiological responses in mulberry (Morus spp.) with insights into growth dynamics and leaf productivity. The study was performed for two years in a two-phase experimental design combining both field (experiment no. 1) and glasshouse (experiment no. 2) observations. In field assays, we surveyed 15 mulberry genotypes under two irrigation regimes: well-watered (20 to 24 irrigations in each growing season) and water-limited (irrigated once in a fortnight in each growing season). The genotypes were assessed for variation in key leaf gas exchange characteristics: net photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductance of CO2 (gs), transpiration rates (E) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi). Leaf yield/plant was considered to determine the tolerance index (TI). Drought stress severely down-regulated leaf-level physiological variables in the susceptible genotypes resulting in poor leaf yield. However, genotypes S-13 and V-1 performed better in terms of leaf gas exchange and proved their superiority over other genotypes in drought tolerance. Conversely, genotypes DD and Bogurai were highly susceptible to drought. Under glasshouse conditions, the combined leaf gas exchange/chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements further dissected out stomatal and non-stomatal restrictions to Pn. As internal/ambient CO2 ratio (Ci/Ca) decreased concurrently with gs in non-irrigated stands, it appeared that greater stomatal limitation to Pn was associated with decreased photo-assimilation and leaf yield production. Further, higher leaf temperature (TL) (>35 °C) and down-regulation of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were apparent in the susceptible compared to the tolerant genotypes, which indicated chronic photoinhibition due to photo-inactivation of photosystem II centres in the susceptible genotypes. Drought-induced trade-offs in biomass allocation were also highlighted. Overall, our results suggest that greater rooting vigour and leaf hydration status, minimal stomatal inhibition and stabilized photochemistry might play major roles in maintaining higher Pn and associated gas exchange functions in drought-tolerant mulberry genotypes under water stress conditions. The higher leaf yield production in tolerant than susceptible genotypes can be attributed to minimal plasticity in foliar gas exchange traits and better quantitative growth characteristics under low water regimes.

scholarly journals Peptone-Induced Physio-Biochemical Modulations Reduce Cadmium Toxicity and Accumulation in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1806
Author(s):  
Naila Emanuil ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Akram ◽  
Shafaqat Ali ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Esawi ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in edible plant parts and fertile lands is a worldwide problem. It negatively influences the growth and productivity of leafy vegetables (e.g., spinach, Spinacia oleracea L.), which have a high tendency to radially accumulate Cd. The present study investigated the influences of peptone application on the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity, and Cd content of spinach plants grown under Cd stress. Cd toxicity negatively affected spinach growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange attributes. However, it increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline accumulation, ascorbic acid content, Cd content, and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in spinach plants. The exogenous foliar application of peptone increased the growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, proline accumulation, and gas exchange attributes of spinach plants. Furthermore, the application of peptone decreased Cd uptake and levels of MDA, H2O2, and EL in spinach by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This enhancement in plant growth and photosynthesis might be due to the lower level of Cd accumulation, which in turn decreased the negative impacts of oxidative stress in plant tissues. Taken together, the findings of the study revealed that peptone is a promising plant growth regulator that represents an efficient approach for the phytoremediation of Cd-polluted soils and enhancement of spinach growth, yield, and tolerance under a Cd-dominant environment.

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