scholarly journals The method of isolation of epidermis of tomato and cucurnber leaves for microscopic investigation of pathogenic fungus development

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Dyki ◽  
Hanna Hadrys
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Pseudoperonospora Cubensis ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Fungus Development

There has been described a new, easy method of isolation and staining of epidermis from leaves and cotyledon of healthy cucumber and infected one with the fungus <em>Pseudoperonospora cubensis</em> Berk and Curt and from tomato leaves infected with the fungus <em>Oidiurn licopersicum</em> Cook and Massee. The epidermis was taken of with the use of transparent Scotch from the leaves and stained with toluidyne blue. This method is helpful in distinguising the differences in a structure of epidermis of healthy and infected leaves and in estimating the following: stage of development of the fungus on epidermis, number and size of haustorium in epidermis cells, number of spores of a fungus on the certain surface of the host leaf. This method is valuable because it enables to protect the material for a long time, which is very important during testing a big number of plants. Key words: leaf epidermis, method of isoIation, cucumber, tomato, pathogenic fungus.

Formation of the research tradition of studying the institute Parliamentarism as a mechanism for the establishment of democracy

2017 ◽  
pp. 187-198
Author(s):  
Akil Ibrahim Al-Zuhari
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Research Tradition ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parliamentary Regimes

The article defines the features of the process of forming the research tradition of studying the institute of parliamentarism as a mechanism for the formation of democracy. It is established that parliamentarism acts as one of the varieties of the regime of functioning of the state, to which the independence of the representative body from the people is inherent, its actual primacy in the state mechanism, the division of functions between the legislative and executive branches of government, the responsibility and accountability of the government to the parliament. It is justified that, in addition to the regime that fully meets the stated requirements of classical parliamentarism, there are regimes that can be characterized as limited parliamentary regimes. The conclusions point out that parliamentarism does not necessarily lead to a democracy regime. At the first stage of development of statehood, it functions for a long time in the absence of many attributes of democracy, but at the present stage, without parliamentarism, democracy will be substantially limited. Modern researchers of parliamentarism recognize that this institution is undergoing changes with the development of the processes of democracy and democratization. This is what produces different approaches to its definition. However, most scientists under classical parliamentarianism understand such a system, which is based on the balance of power. This approach seeks to justify limiting the rights of parliament and strengthening executive power. Keywords: Parliamentarism, research strategy, theory of parliamentarism, types of parliamentarism

Motivation factors behind secession in the Arab states

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
International Support ◽  
Motivation Factors ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Arab States ◽  
Political Economic

Some countries might witness movements that call for secession from the main homeland ,some had succeeded in their endeavors and others are hoping to accomplish them in the future .There are such movements in the Arab homeland which varied according to the motivations behind their wishes to disengage and the means that they used to accomplish them ,whether peaceful or by resort to violence ,which might take long time . These motives might be political, ethnical ,religious, or else . Usually there might be more than one motive behind such moves towards disengagement and secession, but the international support is the most conclusive factor in achieving such an aim , and this is what we are trying to discuss here. Key words : secession ,political, economic ,ethnic, minorities

scholarly journals Seasonal changes of biological condition and reproductive cycle of hampback shrimp Pandalus hypsinotus (Caridea, Pandalidae) in the Tatar Strait

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-560
Author(s):  
D. N. Yuriev ◽  
G. V. Zhukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Biological Condition ◽  
Tatar Strait ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Trawl Catches

Research and commercial trawl catches of humpback shrimp Pandalus hypsinotus from the Tatar Strait (Japan Sea) in 2004–2020 were investigated, with bioanalysis of about 45 thousand specimens. Average timing of group molting, spawning, and eggs laying are determined, terms of gonads and eggs development are estimated. Prespawning and molting of the females occur between January-April, with the peaks in early February and middle February, respectively. All oviparous females have 30–40 days to lay eggs, and molt during 50–55 days; the peak of the eggs laying occurs in late June. The males molt in July-August, afterwards the largest individuals change gender and new intersexes are formed. The males have the second molting in October-December, with the peak in late November. In January, after finish of the males molting, a new annual reproduction cycle starts from the prespawning molting of females. Both vitellogenesis and embryogenesis are observed through the year, though females with developing gonads prevail from August to January (because of a long time span between winter and summer moltings while the egg carrying continued 15 months) but oviparous females — from February to July. The individual reproductive cycle of Pandalus hypsinotus in the Tatar Strait lasts 24 months, with 9 months of vitellogenesis (quick growth of gonads) and 15 months of embryogenesis. During the 2-year reproductive cycle, most of females pass through the following stages: i) gonads development (just after eggs laying) when almost all oviparous females (up to 95 % in May) have green gonads under carapace that corresponds to the stage of development «eggs laid — gonads weakly developed»; ii) summer molting from August when females lose hairs on pleopods and the gonads growth accelerates; iii) respawning in January-March (together with the firstly spawning intersexes, with slight delay of the latter); iv) initial developing of eggs during summer; v) stage of «eyed eggs» from December to March; and vi) eggs laying and molting from late March to late May; then the 2-year reproductive cycle repeats.

Money metrology

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
V. N. Krutikov ◽  
V. V. Okrepilov
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Legal Metrology ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Fixed Weight ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Material Measure

The influence of the provisions of legal metrology on the formation and functioning of the monetary environment in market conditions is studied. It is shown that the use of material (reference) measures for determining the value of goods in monetary units makes it possible to form a stable monetary system, equal for all market participants. This system can reasonably be attributed to information measuring systems. Systems based on the use of constant material measures that determine the value of goods and money in international trade have been formed and functioned for a long time. In the XIX-XX centuries, the monetary system, in which a fixed weight of gold served as the material measure of money, was called the “gold standard”. In the 1970s, this system was abandoned without objective reasons. Nowadays, many people believe that the main reason is the uncontrolled issuance of paper money (US dollars). As a result, the material measure of money was replaced by a monetary measure. The money of a number of selected countries turned out to be a measure of the national currencies of other countries. Then money was made a commodity – an object of market trading, the price of which is determined by supply and demand. Thus, the most important principle of metrology was violated – the invariability (constancy) of the measure of system objects. The resulting monetary system became unstable. This situation has led to an increase in the number of proposals for a return to the gold standard. The analysis carried out in the paper confirmed the relevance of these proposals. At the present stage of development of metrology, it is advisable to explore the possibility of a broader (not only at the expense of precious metals) resource provision of material monetary measures, in particular, to consider the possibility of using materials and (or) goods that are in high demand in the international market as monetary measures.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEMBELI PROPERTI ATAS KEPAILITAN PERUSAHAAN PENGEMBANG BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 37 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG KEPAILITAN DAN PENUNDAAN KEWAJIBAN PEMBAYARAN UTANG (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Pusat No. 01/ Pdt.Sus Pemb. Perdamaian/ 2015/ Pn.Niaga.Jkt.Pst)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Edwin Prasetyo , ◽  
Djuwityastuti ,
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Bankruptcy Law ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Research Techniques

<p>Abstract<br />This  article  aims  to  explain  how  the  legal  protection  of  property  buyers  on  bankrupted  developer <br />companies based on Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Credits Obligations Postponement. This <br />research is a prescriptive normative legal research that uses the approach of legislation. Types of data <br />used include: secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary <br />legal materials. Data collection techniques conducted are literature research techniques or document <br />studies. The property selling mechanism as well as today’s flats, is familiar with the concept of selling <br />property that can be marketed before the property is completed. At that stage of development, people <br />can order or buy certain desired property and will wait within a certain time to be submitted to the property <br />purchased. The buying and selling mechanism is set forth in the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB). <br />Often the property buyers of PPJB holders are harmed by the actions of the developer companies as <br />well as unable to finish the construction and end up in bankruptcy proceedings. This bankruptcy status <br />given by will enforce the uncertainty on debts payments for the property buyers.<br />Key Words: Bankruptcy; Law Protection; Real Estate Buyer.</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel  ini  bertujuan  untuk  menjelaskan  bagaimana  perlindungan  hukum  terhadap  pembeli  properti <br />atas kepailitan perusahaan pengembang berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 37 Tahun 2004 tentang <br />Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum <br />normatif  bersifat  preskriptif  yang  menggunakan  pendekatan  perundang-undangan.  Jenis  data  yang <br />digunakan antara lain: data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, <br />dan bahan hukum tersier.Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah teknik penelitian kepustakaan <br />atau studi dokumen. Mekanisme penjualan properti seperti halnya rumah susun, dewasa ini, mengenal <br />konsep penjualan properti yang dapat dipasarkan sebelum properti tersebut selesai dibangun. Pada tahap <br />pembangunan tersebut, masyarakat dapat memesan ataupun membeli produk properti yang diinginkan <br />dan akan menunggu dalam kurun waktu tertentu untuk dilakukan penyerahan terhadap properti yang <br />dibeli. Mekanisme jual-beli tersebut dituangkan dalam Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB). Seringkali <br />pembeli properti pemegang PPJB dirugikan oleh perbuatan perusahaan pengembang seperti halnya tidak <br />dapat selesainya pembangunan dan berakhir pada proses kepailitan. Adanya pernyataan pailit terhadap <br />perusahaan  pengembang  memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap pembeli properti atas piutangnya <br />kepada perusahaan pengembang.<br />Kata Kunci: Kepailitan; Perlindungan Hukum; Pembeli Properti.</p>

The Influence of Simulated Service Exposure on the Rupture Strengths of Grade 11, Grade 22, and Type 304 Steels

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
D. J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Type Reaction ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Service Exposure ◽  
Type 304 ◽  
Grade 11

High temperature exposures were carried out to simulate long-time service. Rupture curves for exposed Grade 11 and Grade 22 steels did not exhibit the instabilities characteristic of the unused materials so that straight-line extrapolation gave good predictions of long-time strengths. Possibly due to a C-type reaction, strength predictions were poorer for Type 304 steel. Similar strengths were obtained using parameter tests of the unused materials. At the present stage of development, simulated service exposures offer an alternative, but not a superior, technique for extrapolating rupture characteristics.

scholarly journals Complex biotic interactions drive long-term vegetation dynamics in a subarctic ecosystem

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1624) ◽  
pp. 20120486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Olofsson ◽  
Mariska te Beest ◽  
Lars Ericson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Layer ◽  
Empetrum Hermaphroditum ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ecosystem Changes

Predicting impacts of global warming requires understanding of the extent to which plant biomass and production are controlled by bottom-up and top-down drivers. By annually monitoring community composition in grazed control plots and herbivore-free exclosures at an Arctic location for 15 years, we detected multiple biotic interactions. Regular rodent cycles acted as pulses driving synchronous fluctuations in the biomass of field-layer vegetation; reindeer influenced the biomass of taller shrubs, and the abundance of plant pathogenic fungi increased when densities of their host plants increased in exclosures. Two outbreaks of geometrid moths occurred during the study period, with contrasting effects on the field layer: one in 2004 had marginal effects, while one in 2012 severely reduced biomass in the control plots and eliminated biomass that had accumulated over 15 years in the exclosures. The latter was followed by a dramatic decline of the dominant understory dwarf-shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum , driven by an interaction between moth herbivory on top buds and leaves, and increased disease severity of a pathogenic fungus. We show that the climate has important direct and indirect effects on all these biotic interactions. We conclude that long time series are essential to identify key biotic interactions in ecosystems, since their importance will be influenced by climatic conditions, and that manipulative treatments are needed in order to obtain the mechanistic understanding needed for robust predictions of future ecosystem changes and their feedback effects.

The moire crack gauges on the crown of the Frank Slide

1990 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kostak ◽  
D. M. Cruden
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Rock Block ◽  
Reliable Measurement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Moire Fringe ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Moiré Fringe

Two TM71 Crack Monitors installed in a gaping crack in the crown of the Frank Slide, Alberta, have recorded movements of less than 1 mm/year. These movements are attributed to continuing dilation of the rock block field in the crown. The crack monitors' moire fringe measurement system is particularly suited to the reliable measurement of small movements over long time periods. Key words: displacements, monitoring, rock, Rockies, creep, interferometry.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON SPORE DISPERSAL TREND OF FUSARIUM MANGIFERAE CAUSING MANGO MALFORMATION DISEASE IN PAKISTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Muhammad T. Malik ◽  
Zubair Sahu ◽  
Talal Tariq ◽  
Abid H. Khan ◽  
Hameed Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Flowering Phase ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Minimum Numbers ◽  
Fusarium Mangiferae

Malformation is one of the most destructive mango diseases. Although trees are not killed, the vegetative phase of the disease impedes canopy development during vegetative phase of the host plant and floral phase dramatically reduces fruit yield with overwintering inoculums during dormant phase of the host plant. Environmental conditions and trend of spore liberation of its pathogenic fungus “Fusarium mangiferae” were recorded during flowering phase (Feb-April, 2014), fruit development phase (May-July, 2014), vegetative phase (Aug-Oct, 2014), and dormant phase (Nov-Jan, 2014-15), of the mango plants. Through installation of spore traps of various distance levels containing Nash-Synder media in petri plates. During these phases, different environmental variables including temperature (T), relative humidity (R.H) and wind speed (W.S) were observed. Maximum number of colonies were observed through the spores trapped from the centre of the experimental block (0m) while minimum numbers of colonies were developed from the spores trapped at 150 m distance. Amongst different phenological phases of mango, fruit development remained very much contaminated with spores of the fungus while minimum spore liberation was noted during flowering phase of mango indicating very rare infection during this phase. This study also reflected that maximum number of airborne macro conidia of F. mangiferae were recorded when R.H was below 55%. Low R.H appeared to be a major factor associated with the diurnal conidial dispersal of airborne pathogen. Hence primary infection of F. mangiferae starts from vegetative and floral buds differentiation and control strategy including spray of systemic fungicides should start at this stage of development.

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA TERHADAP PEKERJA DOMESTIK DI INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dede Kania
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Fair Wage ◽  
Long Time

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Historically, domestic workers has been around a long time. Their domestically roles made them often underestimated. However, the legal protection they are still very concerned, even until now Indonesia has no law regarding the protection of domestic workers, because domestic workers act of Indonesia has not been enacted. Whereas legal protection to domestic workers is urgent considering the number of cases of abuse and violence against domestic workers, particularly female domestic workers, without any handling or legal process well. Therefore, the authors are interested in examining how the application of the theory of gender equality and inquity for domestic workers act.</em></p><p><em>This research results: Firstly, the bill is needed to protect of domestic workers. Secondly, A worker of either sex is the same as other workers must be paid a fair wage and good treatment as a dignified human being. Thirdly, The aim of this act should be the process of formalizing the PRT even though the workings area of domestic workers are in domestic area.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words</em></strong><em>: domestik workers, human rights,  legal protection</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Secara historis, pekerja rumah tangga telah ada sejak lama. Peran mereka di dalam ranah domestik membuat mereka sering diremehkan. Namun, perlindungan hukum mereka masih sangat kurang, bahkan sampai sekarang Indonesia tidak memiliki Undang-undang perlindungan pekerja rumah tangga. Perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja rumah tangga sangat mendesak keberadaannya mengingat jumlah kasus pelecehan dan kekerasan terhadap pekerja rumah tangga, terutama PRT perempuan, semakin bertambah. Oleh karena itu, penulis tertarik untuk meneliti bagaimana penerapan teori kesetaraan dan keadilan gender bagi pekerja rumah tangga.</p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: <em>Pertama</em>, Indonesia sangat memerlukan UU untuk melindungi atau pekerja rumah tangga, sehingga RUU PRT mendesak untuk segera diundangkan. <em>Kedua</em>, Seorang pekerja baik perempuan maupun laki-laki mempunyai kedudukan yang sama, sehingga harus mendapatkanhak- haknya dengan baik sebagai manusia yang bermartabat. <em>Ketiga</em>, harus ada Formalisasi PRT walaupun kerja bidang pekerja rumah tangga berada di wilayah domestik tetapi hak-haknya sebagai pekerja harus diakui dan disamakan dengan pekerja di wilayah publik.</p><strong><em>Kata Kunci: </em></strong><em>Pekerja Rumah tangga, hak asasi manusia, perlindungan hukum</em>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document