scholarly journals Cyanogenesis in Lotus and Trifolium species

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Blaim ◽  
Edmunt Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
Wild Population ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Wrong Direction ◽  
Cyanogenic Plants

The occurrence of cyanogenic plants was determined in 48 <i>Trifolium</i> species, 12 <i>Lotus</i> species, in wild population as well as in varieties of <i>T. repens</i> L. and <i>Loins corniculatus</i> L. species. In the genus <i>Trifolium</i> only <i>T. nigrescens</i> Viv. proved to be high-cyanogenic, all the remaining species are acyanogenic or low-cyanogenic. In the <i>T. repens</i> species varieties and wild populations include an insignificant per cent of cyanogenic plants.The genus <i>Lotus</i> comprises both high-cyanogenic and acyanogenic species. In the <i>L. corniculatus</i> species varieties include much more high-cyanogenic plants than do wild populations. It seems that in <i>L. corniculatus</i> the breeding went in a wrong direction, because of lack of plant selection regarding the presence of toxic compounds.

scholarly journals Stable producer–scrounger dynamics in wild birds: sociability and learning speed covary with scrounging behaviour

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1852) ◽  
pp. 20162872 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Aplin ◽  
J. Morand-Ferron
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Extensive Game ◽  
Learning Speed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Foraging Task ◽  
Broad Scale

There has been extensive game-theoretic modelling of conditions leading to equilibria of producer–scrounger dichotomies in groups. However there is a surprising paucity of experimental evidence in wild populations. Here, we examine producer–scrounger games in five subpopulations of birds feeding at a socially learnt foraging task. Over four weeks, a bimodal distribution of producers and scroungers emerged in all areas, with pronounced and consistent individual tactic specialization persisting over 3 years. Tactics were unrelated to exploratory personality, but correlated with latency to contact and learn the foraging task, with the late arrivers and slower learners more likely to adopt the scrounging role. Additionally, the social environment was also important: at the broad scale, larger subpopulations with a higher social density contained proportionally more scroungers, while within subpopulations scroungers tended to be central in the social network and be observed in larger foraging flocks. This study thus provides a rare example of a stable, dimorphic distribution of producer–scrounger tactics in a wild population. It further gives support across multiple scales for a major prediction of social foraging theory; that the frequency of scroungers increases with group size.

Agronomic value and morphophysiological diversity of non-Ladino Italian white clover wild populations compared with variety germplasm

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Annicchiarico
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Wild Populations

Non-Ladino Italian white clover wild populations are widespread in hill and mountain areas of the Alps and northern Apennines. The agronomic value of these populations is unknown. This study was based on results of four experiments and had the following objectives: (i) comparing 11 small-leaved or medium-leaved wild populations from these areas with eight medium-leaved or large-leaved varieties of different origin and one wild population from Sardinia, for forage yield in a mown association with cocksfoot, forage yield under sheep grazing, seed yield, forage quality, and 14 vegetative or reproductive traits; (ii) investigating the relationships among traits; (iii) assessing the association of individual trait expression with the environments of origin of the wild populations. Clover competitive ability was greater in large-leaved material, tended to imply higher total yield of the association, and was unrelated to clover yield under grazing. Most wild populations from northern Italy were acyanogenic, several exhibited high yield under grazing and high seed yield, and one medium-leaved wild population outperformed any medium-leaved variety for forage and seed yield traits. Higher altitude of collecting site of these populations was related to lower forage yield and smaller size of some traits. Pasture collecting habitat implied greater adaptation to grazing than woodland, greater competitive ability than wasteland, and several morphophysiological differences relative to populations collected from wasteland or meadow. The Sardinian wild population displayed low seed yield and high cyanogenic potential, whereas the Ladino variety Giga was top-performing for forage yield in association and seed yield. Several vegetative and reproductive traits showed covariation. The generated results can drive the exploitation of non-Ladino genetic resources from northern Italy.

scholarly journals AN IMPLICIT COVER PROBLEM IN WILD POPULATION STUDY

2010 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY V. ASHLEY ◽  
TANYA Y. BERGER-WOLF ◽  
WANPRACHA CHAOVALITWONGSE ◽  
BHASKAR DASGUPTA ◽  
ASHFAQ KHOKHAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Combinatorial Optimization Problem ◽  
Set Cover ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Feedback Arc Set ◽  
Hitting Set ◽  
Cover Problem ◽  
Hitting Set Problem

In an implicit combinatorial optimization problem, the constraints are not enumerated explicitly but rather stated implicitly through equations, other constraints or auxiliary algorithms. An important subclass of such problems is the implicit set cover (or, equivalently, hitting set) problem in which the sets are not given explicitly but rather defined implicitly. For example, the well-known minimum feedback arc set problem is such a problem. In this paper, we consider such a cover problem that arises in the study of wild populations in biology in which the sets are defined implicitly via the Mendelian constraints and prove approximability results for this problem.

scholarly journals Genetic impact of gadoid culture on wild fish populations: predictions, lessons from salmonids, and possibilities for minimizing adverse effects

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorte Bekkevold ◽  
Michael M. Hansen ◽  
Einar E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Genetic Impact ◽  
Up Scaling

Abstract Little is known about the effects of ranched gadoids escaping into wild populations, and plans for substantial up-scaling of gadoid mariculture raise concerns about detrimental effects on local gene pools. Genetic studies from salmonid populations subjected to intentional or unintentional releases of hatchery-produced fish suggest that wild gene pools are affected by introgression, but that the genetic impact can be minor relative to expectations from the often substantial numbers of released hatchery fish. However, even if resilience to introgression is a general trend, wild population fitness is still predicted to be jeopardized by releases. In this paper, we review theoretical genetic effects of escapes of cultivated individuals and the empirical evidence for introgression effects, which are based mainly on salmonid studies. Based on knowledge of gadoid population structure and life history traits, we make predictions for effects of gadoid mariculture on wild populations and discuss approaches for monitoring and minimizing introgression effects.

scholarly journals The decline and impending extinction of the South China tiger

Oryx ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Tilson ◽  
Kathy Traylor-Holzer ◽  
Qiu Ming Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
South China ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Local People ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
The South

The South China tiger Panthera tigris amoyensis is the rarest of the five living tiger subspecies, the most critically threatened and the closest to extinction. No wild South China tigers have been seen by officials for 25 years and one was last brought into captivity 27 years ago. The 19 reserves listed by the Chinese Ministry of Forestry within the presumed range of the tiger are spatially fragmented and most are too small to support viable tiger populations. Over the last 40 years wild populations have declined from thousands to a scattered few. Despite its plight and occasional anecdotal reports of sightings by local people, no intensive field study has been conducted on this tiger subspecies and its habitat. The captive population of about 50 tigers, derived from six wild-caught founders, is genetically impoverished with low reproductive output. Given the size and fragmentation of potential tiger habitat, saving what remains of the captive population may be the only option left to prevent extinction of this tiger subspecies, and even this option is becoming increasingly less probable. This precarious dilemma demands that conservation priorities be re-evaluated and action taken immediately to decide if recovery of the wild population will be possible.

scholarly journals The conservation status of the Chinese alligator

Oryx ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Thorbjarnarson ◽  
Wang Xiaoming
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Anhui Province ◽  
Reserve Design ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Chinese Alligator

AbstractThe Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis is one of the world's most endangered reptiles. At one time widespread throughout much of the lower Yangzi River basin, the remaining wild individuals are now restricted to a small area in southern Anhui Province and perhaps in adjacent Zhejiang Province. Population estimates conducted in the 1980s suggested that only 500–735 wild individuals remained at that time. Current figures suggest that the wild population is c. 400 individuals and continues to decline. The principal factor contributing to historic population decline has been habitat loss, but deliberate killing of alligators and the heavy use of pesticides have also had significant negative effects. The current conservation programme in Anhui Province is based on captive breeding and the establishment of a reserve for small groups of wild alligators. However, the inferred recent decline in the size of the wild population suggests that the reserve design is inadequate for the long-term survival of alligators. Programmes to survey the status of the remaining wild populations and evaluate the feasibility of establishing new wild populations by reintroducing captive-bred animals are currently being developed.

scholarly journals Synchronous seasonality in the gut microbiota of wild wood mouse populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty J Marsh ◽  
Aura M Raulo ◽  
Marc Brouard ◽  
Tanya Troitsky ◽  
Holly M English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Wood Mouse ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Sequence Variant ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Future Work

1. The gut microbiome performs many important functions in mammalian hosts, with community composition shaping its functional role. However, what factors drive individual microbiota variation in wild animals and to what extent these are predictable or idiosyncratic across populations remains poorly understood. 2. Here, we use a multi-population dataset from a common rodent species (the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus), to test whether a consistent set of 'core' gut microbes is identifiable in this species, and to what extent the predictors of microbiota variation are consistent across populations. 3. Between 2014 and 2018 we used capture-mark-recapture and 16S rRNA profiling to intensively monitor two wild UK mouse populations and their gut microbiota, as well as characterising the microbiota from a laboratory-housed colony of the same species. 4. Although broadly similar at high taxonomic levels and despite being only 50km apart, the two wild populations did not share a single bacterial amplicon sequence variant (ASV). Meanwhile, the laboratory-housed colony shared many ASVs with one of the wild populations from which it is thought to have been founded decades ago. Despite strong taxonomic divergence in the microbiota, the factors predicting compositional variation in each wild population were remarkably similar. We identified a strong and consistent pattern of seasonal microbiota restructuring that occurred at both sites, in all years, and within individual mice. While the microbiota was highly individualised, seasonal convergence in the gut microbiota among individuals occurred in late winter/early spring. 5. These findings reveal highly repeatable seasonal gut microbiota dynamics across distinct populations of this species, despite divergent taxa being involved. Providing a platform for future work to understand the drivers and functional implications of such predictable seasonal microbiome restructuring, including whether it might provide the host with adaptive seasonal phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Decline of the Manila clams stock in the northern Adriatic lagoons

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Ponti ◽  
Marco Abbiati ◽  
Victor Ugo Ceccherelli ◽  
Elena Gamba ◽  
Alessandro Ragazzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Coastal Lagoons ◽  
Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Larval Recruitment ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Good Accordance

The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, introduced in the Venice lagoons in 1983 and rapidly spread to the nearby coastal lagoons represents one of the most important commercially-exploited resources of this area. Abundance, size-class and biomass distribution of the wild population living in the Pialassa Baiona lagoon were assessed and related to the hydrological and sediment characteristics. Despite the lagoon being affected by eutrophication, chemical and thermal pollution, the clams were harvested by about thirty professional fishermen until 2003. The commercially available stock was estimated at 36.8 10 3 kg in July 2002, 29.3 10 3 kg in April 2003, and 10.3 10 3 kg in October 2003. Stock estimations and observed mortality were in good accordance with the fishermen data. The decline of the available stock could be due to both overfishing and the extraordinary summer heat wave occurred in 2003, which may have reduced larval recruitment and increased the mortality. Overall, the juvenile recruitment appeared insufficient to annually restore the natural stock. Although the national and regional high relevance of clams market, local harvesting of wild populations appeared marginal and inadequate to support a remunerative commercial activity, due to the variability and unpredictability of the annual yield and the lack of a sustainable management based on a production chain’s approach.

scholarly journals The phytochemical and morphological diversity analysis of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. populations in South of Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 588-603
Author(s):  
Kourosh ZANDIFAR ◽  
Hassanali NAGHID BADI ◽  
Ali MEHRAFARIN ◽  
Majid G. NOHOOJI
Keyword(s):  
Wild Population ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ziziphus Nummularia ◽  
High Diversity

Ziziphus nummularia is a multipurpose and tropical tree with medicinal, nutritional, industrial, and economic values. This tree, which belongs to the Rhamnaceae family, is originated from the South of Asia and North of Africa. This research was carried out to investigate the phytochemical and morphological diversity of 20 wild populations collected from different Southern regions of Iran. Statistical significant difference ranges between population were found in respect to saponin of the leaf (2.2-5.4 mg/g) and fruit (1.2-3.2 mg/g), phenol of the leaf (0.7-2.9 mg/g) and fruit (0.03-0.4 mg/g), tannin of the leaf (0.8-3.5 mg/g) and fruit (1.5-1.7 mg/g), and flavonoid of the leaf (3.3-4.3 mg/g) and fruit (1.5-2.4 mg/g). A factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components (PC1-PC3) explain 79.04% of total variations. The first component (PC1) is explained by the most important traits of the PCA coefficient such as the leaf saponin, width of the end leaf, fruit saponin, length of the end leaf, leaf length and width, and leaf phenol with 42% of the total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. In general, the Izeh Tarakab population had the highest content of leaf and fruit saponin. The content of leaf and fruit saponin as the major secondary metabolite could be a good determinant for detecting diversity in the wild population of Z. nummularia.

Observations on the behaviour of the smoky mouse Pseudomys fumeus (Rodentia: Muridae).

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Woods ◽  
FD Ford
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
New South ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
South Wales ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild

This study examined aspects of behaviour in a captive colony of smoky mice, Pseudomys fumeus, over a two year period. Wherever possible behaviours observed in the captive population are compared to data collected in a study of a wild population in south-eastern New South Wales. This paper provides the first recorded observations of behavior in this species. Both captive and wild populations of P. fumeus display strictly nocturnal circadian activity rhythms. In the captive study, P. fumeus were found to exhibit social interactions similar to some previously studied Pseudomys species. However, in the wild, the species was found to communally nest during the breeding season, behaviour not observed in other Pseudomys from similar habitats. P. fumeus in captivity can have more than two litters in one breeding season which suggests that their reproductive parameters are more flexible than previous studies of wild populations have shown. Field data indicate that post-partum oestrus can occur in this species, and that gestation lasts for approximately 30 days, although these observations are based on a small sample.

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